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MS > FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYES > Flashcards

FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYES Flashcards

1
Q

is a mixture of solvent and solutes

A

Solution

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2
Q

dissolving medium

A

Solvent

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3
Q

are the substances that are being
dissolved.

A

Solutes

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4
Q

❖ BLOOD COMPOSITION
→ _____ (55%) is the liquid component of blood and is composed of:
▪ Water (92%), Proteins, Electrolytes, Hormones, Gases, & Waste Products.
▪ Adults is made up of 6L of plasma.

A

Plasma

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5
Q

❖ BLOOD COMPOSITION
→ _____ (<1% of total blood)
▪ A thin-whitish layer that appears between the plasma and red blood cells.
▪ Used to diagnose conditions such as infections, autoimmune disorders, and blood disorders.
▪ A mix of lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and platelets.

A

Buffy Coat

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6
Q

❖ BLOOD COMPOSITION
→ _____ (45%) are cellular components suspended in the plasma. These are:
▪ Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, & Thrombocytes.
▪ Adults is made up of 3L of formed elements.

A

Formed Elements

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7
Q

▪ fluid in the cells

A

→ Intracellular Space (40% cytoplasm; 28L)

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8
Q

▪ fluid outside the cells

A

→ Extracellular Space (20%)

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9
Q

✓ fluid within the blood vessels

A

➢ Intravascular (5% - 3L)

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10
Q

✓ fluid that surrounds the cell

A

Interstitial

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11
Q

can occur if too much fluid moves from ICF to ECF.

A

Cellular Dehydration

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12
Q

smallest division and contains approx. 1L in an adult

Refers to spaces where fluids usually don’t easily move in and out.

A

Transcellular Space

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13
Q

refers to a situation where urine output decreases, despite adequate fluid intake. This happens because fluids move from the intravascular space into the third spaces. As a result, the kidneys get less blood to filter, and they respond by reducing urine output to maintain homeostasis.

A

Third Space Fluid Shift

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14
Q

can occur if too much fluid moves from ECF to ICF.

A

Cell Swelling

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15
Q

are important for maintaining fluid balance, contributing to acid-base regulation, facilitating enzyme reactions, and transmitting neuromuscular reactions.

A

ELECTROLYTES

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16
Q

→ This is the movement of water from low concentration to high concentration; the process continues until the concentrations are equal on both sides of the membrane.

❖ OSMOSIS
❖ OSMOLALITY
❖ OSMOLARITY

A

❖ OSMOSIS

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16
Q

→ It is the number of milliosmoles per kilogram of solvent (mOsm/kg).
→ The term osmolality is used more often than osmolarity to evaluate serum and urine.

❖ OSMOSIS
❖ OSMOLALITY
❖ OSMOLARITY

A

❖ OSMOLALITY

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16
Q

→ It is the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution; expressed as milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L); describes the concentration of solutes or dissolved particles.

❖ OSMOSIS
❖ OSMOLALITY
❖ OSMOLARITY

A

❖ OSMOLARITY

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17
Q

▪ It’s the force that pushes fluids, like blood, through blood vessels.
▪ It pushes fluid out of the capillary toward the ICF

A

→ Hydrostatic (Hydraulic) Pressure

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18
Q

▪ It is like a “sucking” force created by solutes.
▪ It is a pressure that draws water into areas with more solutes.
▪ It pulls the fluid from the ICF into the capillary

A

→ Osmotic Pressure

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19
Q

→ It is like a “pulling force” in the blood vessels, wherein the albumin within the bloodstream pulls the water back into the blood vessels to balance the fluid between the intravascular and tissues.
▪ Also, it prevents too much fluid from leaking out of the blood vessels, maintaining a healthy balance.

A

COLLOID ONCOTIC PRESSURE

20
Q

→ It is about how your cells react to the concentration of stuff around them – whether they shrink, swell, or stay just right.
▪ It commonly pertains to IV solutions.

A

❖ TONICITY

21
Q

▪ The flow of fluid is balance, nothing happens to the cell.

A

→ Isotonic Solutions (balanced)

22
Q

▪ Plenty of sodium outside, the fluid goes out making the cell shrink, it dies.
▪ reduces excess fluid in the body

A

→ Hypertonic Solutions (shrink) ICF to ECF

22
Q

It is the body’s response to having too many solutes (glucose or mannitol) in the bloodstream. The excess solutes create an osmotic imbalance that draws more water into the urine, resulting in increased urine production. This is the body’s way of trying to get rid of the excess solutes by flushing them out through the urine.

A

→ Osmotic Diuresis

22
Q

▪ The solute is less outside, the movement of water is osmosis, it will enter the cell from lesser to greater concentration. The cell will swell, will rupture = dies.
▪ used to hydrate the patient

A

→ Hypotonic Solutions (swell) ECF to ICF

23
Q

→ This is the movement of substances (gases) from high concentration to low concentration.

A

❖ DIFFUSION

24
Q

→ It is about pushing fluid through a barrier to separate things based on size.
▪ Water moves from high to low pressure.
▪ In the body, filtration happens in places like the kidneys, where blood is filtered to remove waste and extra substances

A

❖ FILTRATION

25
Q

→ It is like a cellular worker that uses energy from ATP to move sodium out and potassium in, helping cells stay healthy and functional.

A

❖ SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP

26
Q

SYSTEMIC ROUTES OF GAINS AND LOSSES

❖ KIDNEYS

A

→ A well-hydrated person excretes 1 to 2L urine per day.
▪ Normal Urine Output: 30mL/hr

26
Q

SYSTEMIC ROUTES OF GAINS AND LOSSES
❖ SKIN

A

→ Perspiration is visible water and electrolyte loss through the skin (sweating).
▪ Chief solutes in sweat are sodium, chloride, and potassium.
→ Actual sweat losses can vary from 0 to 1000 mL or more evert hour, depending on the factors such as the environmental and body temperature.

27
Q

SYSTEMIC ROUTES OF GAINS AND LOSSES
❖ LUNGS

A

→ The lungs eliminate water vapor (insensible water loss) at a rate of approximately 300mL daily.

28
Q

SYSTEMIC ROUTES OF GAINS AND LOSSES
❖ GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

A

→ Loss of fluid is about 100 to 200 mL daily.

29
Q

→ This test measures how concentrated the solutes (particles) are in your blood.
→ It helps understand if there’s an imbalance in the amount of dissolved substances in your body.
→ Normal Range: 275 too 290 mOsm/kg

A

❖ SERUM OSMOLALITY

30
Q

→ Similar to serum osmolality, but this test measures the concentration of solutes in your urine.
→ It provides insights into how well your kidneys are managing water and solute balance.
→ Normal Range: 250 to 900 mOsm/kg

A

❖ URINE OSMOLALITY

31
Q

→ This test measures the concentration of your urine compared to water.
→ Dark amber colored is highly concentrated; whereas, clear yellow indicates a dilute urine.
→ A well-hydrated person excretes urine with a low specific gravity, whereas a dehydrated person excretes urine with high specific gravity.
→ Normal Range: 1.005 to 1.030
▪ 1.005 – urine is very dilute or high in water content
▪ 1.030 – urine is very concentrated or low in water content

A

❖ URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY

32
Q

→ BUN measures the level of nitrogen waste in your blood, which comes from the breakdown of proteins.
→ It’s used to check how well your kidneys are removing waste products from your bloodstream.

→ Normal Range: 10 to 20mg/dL

A

❖ BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (BUN)

33
Q

→ Creatinine is a breakdown product of muscle metabolism that is cleared from bloodstream and excreted by the kidney.
→ Like BUN, the creatinine level helps assess how well your kidneys are functioning to clear waste from your blood.

▪ It is a better indicator of renal function than BUN because it does not vary with protein intake or hydration status.

→ Normal Range: 0.7 to 1.4mg/dL

A

❖ CREATININE

34
Q

WHICH IS MORE RELIABLE: BUN OR CREATININE

A

→ Diet (meat) can alter BUN values.
→ Creatinine is the end product of the muscle metabolism, and it is not affected by the diet.

35
Q

measures the percentage of RBCs (erythrocytes) in a blood volume.

→ Factors:
▪ Increased
➢ Dehydration causes decreased water content of the blood which concentrates the RBCs in thebloodstream.
➢ Polycythemia is a disorder in which there is an abnormally high number of RBCs made by the bone marrow, which in turn increases the number of RBCs in the bloodstream.

▪ Decreased
➢ Over Hydration
➢ Anemia (lack of RBCs)

→ Normal Range:
▪ Female – 35% to 47%
▪ Male – 42% to 52%

A

Hematocrit

35
Q

HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS
❖ KIDNEYS

A

→ Kidneys normally filter 190L of plasma and excrete 1 to 2L of urine daily.
▪ Nephrons filter about 120mL/min

→ Major Functions (maintaining normal fluid
balance)
▪ Regulation of ECF volume and osmolality by selective retention and excretion of body fluids.
▪ Regulation of normal electrolyte levels in the ECF by selective electrolyte retention and excretion of hydrogen ions.
▪ Regulation of pH of the ECF by retention and excretion of hydrogen ions.
▪ Excretion of metabolic wastes and toxic substances.

36
Q

HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS
❖ HEART

A

→ The pumping action of the heart circulates blood through the kidneys under sufficient pressure to allow for urine formation.
▪ Failure of this pumping action interferes with renal perfusion and thus with water and electrolyte regulation

36
Q

HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS

❖ LUNGS

A

→ Through exhalation, the lungs remove approximately 300 mL of water daily in the normal adult as insensible water loss.
▪ Ex: Hyperventilation or continuous coughing increase this water loss

37
Q

→ Lungs play a major role in acid-base balance.
▪ Increase Breathing Rate

A

➢ If you’re breathing faster, you’re blowing out more carbon dioxide (CO2) from your body. When CO2 leaves your body, it’s like taking away some of the acid-forming stuff. So, with faster breathing, less CO2 stays in your bloodstream, and that makes your blood less acidic.

37
Q

→ Lungs play a major role in acid-base balance.
▪ Decrease Breathing Rate

A

➢ If your breathing slows down, less carbon dioxide (CO2) is getting out of your body. This means more CO2 stays in your lungs and enters your bloodstream. CO2 can combine with water in your blood, creating an acid called carbonic acid. So, when you’re not breathing out as much CO2, your blood becomes more acidic.

38
Q

HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS
❖ SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION (SNS)

A

→ A decrease in blood volume (e.g., after surgery) will result in hypotension. The SNS will be stimulated and will trigger the adrenal glands to release Epinephrine and Norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla.
▪ Epinephrine will increase the heart rate therefore more blood will be pumped by the heart and will go to different organs and tissues of the body.
▪ Norepinephrine will cause vasoconstriction to increase the blood pressure. Therefore, more blood will go to the priority organ (brain)

38
Q

HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS

❖ PITUITARY GLAND
→ Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH; Vasopressin)

A

▪ It is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland; and is released as needed to conserve water.
➢ released when dehydrated or a decrease in blood volume
▪ If the body is dehydrated, the hypothalamus is triggered. It signals the posterior pituitary gland to release ADH, and ADH travels in the bloodstream to the kidneys.
➢ ADH signals the kidneys to hold on to water. So, the renal tubules reabsorb more water from urine back into your body. This reduces the amount of water lost in your urine.
➢ With more water being reabsorbed, your urine output decreases. This helps your body hold on to water and stay hydrated. While water is conserved, sodium (Na) might not be reabsorbed as much, which can lead to an increase in sodium concentration in the blood.
➢ Output is less because the body is compensating after surgery.
▪ As osmotic pressure increases, the neurons become dehydrated and quickly release impulses to the posterior pituitary, which increases the release of ADH, which then travels in the blood to the kidneys, the kidneys will increase reabsorption of waterand decrease urine output

38
Q

HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS
❖ ADRENAL GLANDS
→ Aldosterone

→ Cortisol

A

→ Aldosterone
▪ This is secreted by the adrenal cortex.
▪ Increased secretion of aldosterone causes sodium retention and water retention, and potassium loss.
▪ Decreased secretion of aldosterone causes sodium and water loss, and potassium retention.
→ Cortisol
▪ This is secreted by the adrenal cortex.
▪ When secreted in large quantities, it can also produce sodium and fluid retention

38
Q

HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS
❖ HYPOTHALAMUS
→ THIRST MECHANISM

A

▪ This is a compensatory mechanism.
▪ When you’re active or in a hot environment, your body can lose a lot of fluids through sweating. As you sweat, you’re losing water and becoming dehydrated.
➢ The hypothalamus gets a signal when the body loses too much water. In response, the hypothalamus triggers the sensation of thirst.
➢ You start feeling like you want to drink something – that’s your body’s way of telling you to replenish the lost fluids.
▪ When you’re losing fluids due to things like vomiting or diarrhea, your body’s blood volume decreases.
➢ This may lead to low blood pressure and less blood gets to the kidneys. The kidneys will release renin, and this will trigger RAAS.
➢ Angiotensin 2 triggers the hypothalamus, and you’ll start feeling thirsty.
▪ Thirst mechanism may not work to an unconscious patient. Because of that, they will receive IV fluids

39
Q

HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS
❖ PARATHYROID GLANDS
→ Parathyroid Hormone

A

▪ When the blood calcium is low, PTH influences reabsorption of calcium from the bones, intestine, and kidneys.
▪ In the kidneys, PTH signals them to reabsorb more calcium from the renal tubules back into the bloodstream. This helps prevent excessive loss of calcium through urine.

40
Q

HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS
❖ ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE

A

→ This is a cardiac hormone stored in the cells of the atria and is released when atrial pressure increases.
▪ Increased atrial pressure occurs when the heart is under strain due to factors like increased blood volume or hypertension.
→ ANP responds when there is too much blood volume and hypertension.
▪ ANP will decrease the blood volume and lowers BP by promoting the excretion of sodium and water in the urine.
▪ It also causes vasodilation which reduces the resistance and helps blood flow more easily, lowering blood pressure.

41
Q

Ex: Stab wound, the compensatory mechanism is:

A

(1) Vasoconstriction of blood vessels to reduce blood loss.
(2) The ADH is released from the pituitary gland, it will promote water reabsorption by ordering the kidney tubules to prevent urine formation, therefore increasing blood volume.
(3) The Aldosterone is released from the adrenal cortex, it will promote sodium reabsorption by the kidney tubules to increase blood volume and BP.
Note: Sodium attracts water.

MS (34 decks)

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