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Infectious Disease > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Folliculitis

A

-Infection of the hair follicle
-Forms as a furuncle or carbuncle (several carbuncles)*
-Cause: Staphylococcus aureus/S. Epidermis
-Virulence: *Protein A coating on the cell surface prevents antibody binding, inhibits Phagocytosis
-Spread: Direct contact or fomites

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2
Q

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

A

-Fatal toxin-mediated disease (mostly in infants)
-Reddened skin, wrinkling, blistering (starts at mouth)
-S. Aureus secretes Exfoliative toxins
-Pathogen/Virulence: Staphylococcus aureus
-Pathogenesis: Secondary infection by candida or pseudomonas
-Secondary inf: Candida/Pseudomonas
-Treatment: Oxacillin

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3
Q

Impetigo

A

-Epidermis is most affected
-Pus-filled vesicles
-Honey-coloured Crusty patches (itchy/contageous)
-Staph aureus (80%)/ Strep. pyrogenes (20%)

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4
Q

Erysipelas

A

-Reddening of skin, arms, legs (UL)
-Distinct margin*
-Lymph nodes affected
-Pathogen: Streptococcus pyogenes

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5
Q

Cellulitis

A

-Hot/tender on one side of body
-Not well-defined margins*
-Potentially life-threatening
-Affects dermis/subcutaneous far
-Pathogen: Streptococcus (mostly), some Staph.

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6
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis

A

-Hot, painful sunburn-like rash->degrades the fascia
-Streptococcus pyogenes*
-Virulence: Streptokinase hyaluronidase, deoxyribonucleatides, M protein, streptolysim, Endotoxin A

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7
Q

Acne

A

-Blackheads and pimples
-Pathogen: Cutibacterium acnes

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8
Q

Cat Scratch Disease

A

-Can be from scratch/bite of kittens or fleas
-Swollen lymph nodes
-Pathogen: Bartonella henselae*
-Virulence factor: endotoxin (LPS)
-Common in children in US

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9
Q

Pseudomonas infection

A

-Infection w/ blue-green pigment (Pyocyanin)
-Burn victims are highly susceptible
-Thick, scab-like crust, microbes beneath can move in blood
-Can have a sweet grape-like scent
-Pathogen: Pseudomonas aeruginosa*
-Virulence: Fimbriae/adhesins, capsule, enzymes, endotoxin-Lipid A, Exotoxin A, pyocyanin pigment

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10
Q

Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis

A

-Spotted, non-itchy rashy developing on trunk and appendages, soles/palms
-Pathogen: Rickettsia rickettsii*
-Vector-born disease: Ticks of Genus Dermacentor (saliva)
-American dog tick, Rocky mountain wood tick

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11
Q

Cutaneous Anthrax

A

-Formed black eschar (piece of dead tissue on skin surface)
-Pathogen: Bacillus anthracis*
-Virulence factors: endospores, capsule, 3 anthrax toxins
-Animal handlers most at risk

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12
Q

Site of infection: Connective tissue between and over muscular layer

A

Necrotizing Fasciitis

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13
Q

Site of infection: Epidermis

A

Impetigo

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14
Q

Site of infection: Underlying lymph nodes

A

Erysipelas

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15
Q

Site of infection: Dermis & Subcutaneous

A

Cellulitis

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16
Q

A cluster of raised lesions with folliculitis is known as a ____________.

Select one:

a.Furuncle

b.Carbuncle

c.Impetigo

d.Sty

e.Erysipelas

A

b.Carbuncle

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17
Q

Which pathogen is a common cause of endocarditis or pneumonia due to bacteremia?

Select one:

a.Mycobacterium tuberculosis

b.Coccidioidomycosis

c.Staphylococcus aureus

d.Streptococcus pyogenes

A

c.Staphylococcus aureus

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18
Q

Amber-colored crusty debris on the surface of the skin is suggestive of infection most commonly due to:

Select one:

a.Candida albicans

b.S. aureus

c.Strep. pyogenes

d.Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

b.S. aureus

While S. pyogenes does cause impetigo, it only causes it about 20% of the time. S. aureus is the main cause of impetigo (80% of the time), which has the characteristic amber colored crusty patches.

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19
Q

T/F
A dark purple to black discoloration of the skin is a finding of Anthrax infections.

A

True

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20
Q

Which bacterial pathogen is responsible for bluish-green color wounds due to pyocyanin pigmentation?

Select one:

a.Bacillus anthracis

b.Pseudomonas aeruginosa

c.Bartonella Henselae

d.Staphylococcus aureus

A

b.Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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21
Q

A skin disease that looks like numerous deep red-colored spots/ tiny blood clots in the skin is indicative of acne.

A

False

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22
Q

Rubella

A

-Portal of entry: Upper respiratory tract and eyes; Can enter bloodstream (viremia)
-Milder cold symptoms
-Children: Slightly swollen lymph nodes, rash of flat, pink to red spors
-More severe in adults (arthritis/encephalitis)
-During pregnancy: Severe birth defects; Don’t give vaccine
-Pathogen: Rubivirus or rubella virus
-Vaccine: MMR, live attenuated

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23
Q

Measles (Rubeola in US)

A

*Koplik spots
-Fine red rash appears on forehead/spreads to body (more red than measles)
-Rare: SSPE (CNS-Personality changes)
-Pathogen: Morbillivirus
-Pathogenesis: Tc Cells

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24
Q

Erythema Infectiosum (5th disease)

A

-Pathogen: Parvovirus B19
-Bright red rash begins on cheeks, spreads over
-Adult: joint pain/anemia
-Can trigger miscarriage

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25
Q

Roseola

A

-Pathogen: Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)
-Faint pink rash on face, neck, trunk and thighs
-Occurs in infants 6 months to 3 years

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26
Q

Chickenpox/Shingles

A

-Pathogen: varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
-Also called varicella
-Skin lesions start on the back of the trunk, spreading to face, neck and limbs
-No scarring
-Can become dormant and cause shingles (herpes zoster) later in life
-Shingles: Rash, numbing/tingling, painful (importance of vax)
-Reye’s syndrome: Liver and brain ceases to function (due to using aspirin with chicken pox)

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27
Q

Smallpox

A

Severe and disfiguring scarring, some become blind
-Small pox spores cover the whole body (mouth->face->rest of the body)
-Pathogen: Variola virus
-Virulence factors: Intracellular infection, codes for proteins that inhibit interferon, complement and inflammation
-Devastating effects on the Native americans (nearly 3 million died)
-Edward Jenner: Used cowpox virus to protect against small pox;
-Now eradicated

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28
Q

Herpes infections

A

-Slow, spreading itchy lesions
-Lips: Fever blisters/cold sores
-Genitalia: Genital herpes
-On fingers: whitlow (cut/break in skin)
-On eyes: Ocular herpes
-Skin: Herpes gladiatorum

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29
Q

HHV-1

A

Above the waist herpesvirus
-Close contact
-90% of cold sores/fever blisters
-About 80% of children have been infected by HHV-1

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30
Q

HHV-2

A

Below the waist herpesvirus
-Sexual intercourse
-Usually acquired b/w 15 and 30 years old

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31
Q

Warts (Papillomas)

A

-Pathogen: Papillomavirus
-Generally benign/non-painful
-Foot ones itch/hurt
-Portal of entry: Parenternal route
-Mode of transmission: Direct contact via fomites

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32
Q

Pityriasis Versicolor

A

-Most common fungal infections
-Hyper/hypo-pigmented patches of skin (affects melanin)
-Etiologic agent: Malassezia furfur
-Transmission: Contact with hyphae/certain fungi

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33
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

A

Dermatophytoses: Fungi growing on skin, nails and hair
-Etiologic agents: Tricophyton sp, microsporum sp, epidermophyton sp

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34
Q

Tinea pedis

A

Athletes foot

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35
Q

Wound Mycoses-Chromoblastomycosis

A

-Multiple pathogens BUT probably don’t need to know for this course
Wart-like infection, that appears thick
Can lead to potential amputation

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36
Q

Sporotrichosis: Pathogen

A

Sporothrix schenkii

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37
Q

Leishmaniasis

A

-Development of painless skin ulcers
-Pathogen: Leishmania sp (intracellular protozoan)
-Vector: Sand fly

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38
Q

Scabies: Pathogen

A

-Pathogen: Sacroptes scabei (mites)*
-Localized rash, that is pimple-like
-Virulence factors: Attaches to ridges, spines and hairs on body, Damages nerve endings/triggers inflammatory response
-Between skin folds
-Pathogenesis: Adult females burrow/lay eggs up to one month
-Sexual transmission is common
-Often kids <15 yoa

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39
Q

Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis)

A

-Pathogen: Trichobilarzia or Gigantobiliharzia
-Flatworm parasite (waterfowl, racoons, muskrats)
-Skin rash d/t allergic reaction to a parasite
-Small red pimples and blistering

DO NOT FEED THE BIRDS!

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40
Q

Which of the following is the etiologic agent of whitlow?

Select one:

a.Human herpes virus 1

b.Variola virus

c.Varicella-zostervirus

d.Rubivirus

e.Morbillivirus

A

a.Human herpes virus 1

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41
Q

Dermatophytosis refers to a skin infection caused by a:

Select one:

a.fungus

b.virus

c.protozoan

d.bacterium

e.helminth

A

a.fungus

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42
Q

Which of the following fungi can cause a subcutaneous infection after damage to the skin from a thorn or sliver?

Select one:

a.Trichophyton

b.Microsporum

c.Sporothrix

d.Epidermophyton

A

c.Sporothrix

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43
Q

Roseola: Pathogen Group

A

Viral

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44
Q

Impetigo: Etiologic Agent

A

Bacterial

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45
Q

Shingles: Pathogen Group

A

Viral

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46
Q

Pityriasis versicolor: Pathogen group

A

Fungal

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47
Q

Rocky mountain spotted fever: Pathogen group

A

Bacterial

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48
Q

Leishmaniasis: Pathogen Group

A

Protozoal

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49
Q

Koplik’s spots are a unique sign of ______________________.

Select one:

a.Rubella

b.Roseola

c.Measles

d.erysipelas

A

c.Measles

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50
Q

Representatives of which of the following virus genera can cause sexually transmitted diseases? (pick 2)

Select one or more:

a.Human herpes virus 2

b.Human herpes virus 6

c.Erythrovirus B19

d.Human papilloma virus

e.Variola virus

A

a.Human herpes virus 2, d.Human papilloma virus

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51
Q

Leishmaniasis is transmitted by which of the following animal vectors?

Select one:

a.Tick

b.Black fly

c.Sandfly

d.Triatomine bug

e.Mosquito

A

c.Sandfly

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52
Q

Where in the body do we find tinea unguium?

Select one:

a.Nails

b.Genitals

c.Skalp

d.Feet

e.Trunk

A

a.Nails

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53
Q

Bacterial meningitis

A

-Quick onset of headaches, vomitting, loss of brain function (drowsiness), neck stiffness
-Need to be treated quickly
-Increase in WBCs in CSF
-More in military/college dorms

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54
Q

Hansen’s disease (Leprosy)

A

-Infections of the peripheral nerves: Non-progressive (tuberculoid leprosy)
-Pathogen: Myobacterium leprae and mycobacterium lepromatosis
-Virulence factors: Mycolic acid (Waxy lipid)-Protects bacterium
-Only known bacterial pathogen of the peripheral nerves**

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55
Q

Botulism

A

-Intoxication that affects synapses of the PNS
-Foodborne: Improper canning, weakness/dizziness
-Infants: 6 months or younger, C. Botulinium grows (Most common); Honey
-Wound: Similar to food borne, excpet this enters a wount
-Pathogen: Clostridium botulinium
-Virulence factors: Endospore, botulinium neurotoxins
-Binding of botulism toxin is irreversible; synapse is forever blocked (blocks ACh)

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56
Q

Tetanus

A

-Caused by: Clostridium tetani
-Lockjaw, difficulty swallowing, fever
-Sweating, drooling, back spasms (earlier on)
-Virulence factors: Tetanospasmin (neurotoxin)

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57
Q

Trachoma

A

-Leading cause of non-traumatic blindness in humans
-Pathogen: Chlamydia trachomatic, causing trachoma

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58
Q

Neisseria meningites: AKA/Virulence Factors

A

-Known as meningococcus*
-Virulence factors: fimbriae, polysaccharide capsule, Lipid A*
-Can travel to different parts of the body within phagocytes

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59
Q

Streptococcus pnemoniae: AKA/Virulence Factors

A

-Known as pneumococci* (lungs, sinus, middle ear, meninges)
-Virulence factors
1. Capsule-Protects from digestion after phagocytosis
2. Enzymes/Toxins-Fight the immune system*
3. Phosphorycholine-Binds to host cells*

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60
Q

Haemophilus influenzae: Virulence Factors

A

Polysacchaide capsule

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61
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

-Contaminated food/drink
-Can cause meningitis in pregnant women…
-Virulence factors: Listeriolysin O (enzyme lives in host), Listeriolysin S (Overwhelms microbiota)

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62
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae: Virulence Factor

A

Virulence factor: Capsule*
-Common in vaginal microbiota
-Causes: Meningitis, penumonia, and bacteremia in newborns

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63
Q

Bacterial meningitis: Respiratory droplets

A

Neisseria meningtides, streptococcus pneumonia, haemococcus meningites

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64
Q

Viral Meningitis

A

-More common/milder than bacterial meningitis
-Similar symptoms
-Pathogens: Enterovirus (90%)
-Spread in respiratory droplets and fecal-oral route
-Can survive in chlorine swimming pools

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65
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

-90% Asymptomatic, minor (5%), non-paralytic (2%), paralytic (<2%)
-Post-polio syndrome: Up to 80% of recovered polio patients->Cripling deterioration of muscles
-Pathogen: Poliovirus
-Most commonly contacted by the consumption of contaminated water

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66
Q

Rabies

A

-Pathogen: Rabies Virus
-Neurological manifestations: Hyperexcitable, seizures, hallucinations, death
-Infection via a bit or scratch
-Zoonosis: Animals to humans (75% from bats)

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67
Q

Arboviral Encephalitis

A

-Pathogens: Mosquitoes-Aedes or Culex
(EEE-Eastern Equine Encephalitis, Western Equine Encephalitis, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis..
-Similar symptoms to meningitis
-Can cause BBB infection

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68
Q

Zika Virus

A

-Vector: Aedes aegypti mosquito
-Sexually via vaginal, oral or anal route
-Via placenta (microencephaly)
-Can cause Guillain-Barre Syndrome
-Most often complely recover

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69
Q

Cryptococcal meningitis

A

-Pathogen: Cryptococcus neoformans (yeast): Pigeon droppings
-Virulence factor: Capsule
-Usually through dried spores
-Similar to bacterial and viral meningitis; intermittent headaches, little fever, usually get worse->can lead to paralysis/loss of vision/coma

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70
Q

African trypanosomiasis

A

-African sleeping sickness
-Vector: Tsetse fly
-Pathogen: Trypanosoma brucei
-Symptoms: After a week (tender nodule, lymph nodes enlarge), can lead to fevers for lots of years, gradual loss of peoples interest in things, more aggressive/psychosis, drowsiness, can’t eat

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71
Q

Primary Amebic Meningoencephalopathy

A

-Pathogen: Naegleria fowleri (amoeba that forms hardy cyst)
-Quick onset/fatal
-Migrates to brain through cranial nerves

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72
Q

Variant Crutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

A

-Sponigiform encephalopathies
-Feeling of tiredness/insomnia, memory failure, speech and ability to walk are affected
-Pathogen: PrP prion (misfolded proteins causing infection)
-Contaminated nerve tissue (Beef)

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73
Q

Which of the following is thought to be the mode of transmission from person to person with Hansen’s disease?

Select one:

a.Inhaling resp. droplets (cough sneeze etc.) from an infected individual

b.Sexual intercourse

c.Shaking hands

d.Sitting near an infected person

A

a.Inhaling resp. droplets (cough sneeze etc.) from an infected individual

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74
Q

Which of the following is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in newborns infected during birth?

Select one:

a.Streptococcus agalactiae

b.Listeria monocytogenes

c.Streptococcus pneumonia

d.Neisseria meningitides

A

a.Streptococcus agalactiae

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75
Q

Curling of arms and feet with back stiffly arching backwards are all signs of which disease?

Select one:

a.Leprosy

b.Tetanus

c.Bacterial meningitis

d.Botulism

A

b.Tetanus

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76
Q

T/F
Binding of botulism toxin is reversible and the patient’s condition gradually improves with treatment

A

False

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77
Q

West Nile Virus: Vector

A

Mosquito

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78
Q

Typanosoma brucei: Vector

A

TseTse Fly

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79
Q

Cryptococcosis is a ________________ infection.

Select one:

a.prion

b.fungal

c.viral

d.protozoan

e.bacterial

A

b.fungal

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80
Q

Which of the following is a virulence factor that makes Cryptococcus neoformans a ‘successful’ pathogen?

Select one:

a.The organism releases hydrolytic enzymes that break down the blood-brain barrier.

b.The cells release an exotoxin.

c.The cells change their glycoprotein structure, thus disguising themselves from existing antibodies.

d.The cells release endotoxin.

e.The cells have a capsule.

A

e.The cells have a capsule.

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81
Q

Which of the following diseases is close to being eradicated worldwide?

Select one:

a.Rabies

b.Polio

c.West Nile encephalitis

d.African trypanosomiasis

A

b.Polio

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82
Q

Which type of meningitis is the least dangerous, typically with the mildest symptoms and a good prognosis for full recovery without any special treatment?

Select one:

a.protozoan

b.fungal

c.bacterial

d.Viral

A

d.Viral

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83
Q

Bacteremia/Septicemia

A

-Bacteremia: Little to no symptoms
-Septicemia: Serious symptoms/antimicrobial drugs needed (Can lead to death)
-General signs: Low blood pressure, decrease in urine output, inability to clot blood (septicemia)
-Can cause osteomyelitis leading to TSS
-Petrichiae: Minute hemorrhagic skin lesions on trunk and lower extremities

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84
Q

Virulence factors of Bacteremia, septicemia/endocarditis

A

Capsule, endotoxin, exotoxin, flagella, anti-phagocytic factors

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85
Q

Endocarditis

A

-Causes formation of bulky masses (vegetations) of platelets or clotting proteins surrounding the bacteria
-Janeway Lesions: Hemorhages on soles of feet or palms
-Osler Nodes: Similar but Painful

86
Q

Brucellosis: Virulence Factors/Associations

A

-Virulence factors: An endotoxin, ability to grow/multiply inside phagocytes, evade antibodies/antibacterial drugs
-Associations: Contaminated unpasteurized dairy products
Other Facts
-Pathogen: Brucella melitensis
-Breaks in skin (mucus membranes)/respiratory tracts
-Swollen lymph nodes, endocarditis

87
Q

Tularemia

A

-Rabbit fever or tick fever
-Skin lesion develops w/i 5 days near site of infection
-Pathogen: Franicisella tularensis
-Very contagious
-Virulence: Capsule-Discourages phagocytosis

88
Q

Plague

A

-Bubonic plague: Buboes (painful inflamed lymph nodes), death of infected tissues which turns black
-Pneumonic plague: Can lead to death
-Pathogen: Yersinia pestis
-Virulence factors: Adhesins, Type 3 secretion systems, capsules and antiphagocytic proteins
-Bubonic: Flea bite
-Pneumonic plague: Airborne

89
Q

Lyme Disease

A

-Tick-borne zoonosis
-Pathogen: Borrelia burgdorferi (spirochete)
-Vector: Ixodes (deer tick)*
-Virulence Factors: Maganses, Changes OM proteins.
-Phase 1: An expanding bulls-eye rash (erythema migrans)
-Phase 2: Neurological symptoms: meningitis, encephalitis and peripheral nerve neuropathy, cardiac dysfunction
-Phase 3: Severe arthritis

90
Q

Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis

A

-Emerging tick-borne human diseases
-Pathogens: Ehrlichia chaffensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilium
-Vectors: Deer tick, dog tick, lone star tick
-Flu-like symptoms and fever

91
Q

Mononucleosis

A

-Kissing disease
-Acute: Severe sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes…
-Pathogen: Human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4). AKA Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
-Found in young african males
-Leukoplakia
-Transmitted via saliva (usually asymptomatic)

92
Q

Cytomegalovirus Disease

A

-Typically asymptomatic
-Virus: Cytomegalvrius
-Usually transmitted through sexual intercourse
-Affects typically immunocompromised, new borns, AIDS patients

93
Q

Yellow Fever

A

-Transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito
-Pathogen: Yellow fever virus
-Early: Slight fever, headache
-Second: Symptoms resolve
-Third: Severe including seizures, coma, degeneration of liver
-Mortality rate: High (20%)

94
Q

Dengue Fever/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

A

-Typically asymptomatic
-Two phases: 1. fever, weakness, edema of extremities/2. Return of fever and bright red rash
-Pathogen: Dengue viruses
-Vector: Aedes aegypti mosquito

95
Q

African Viral Hemorrhagic fever

A

-Ebola
-Pathogens: Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus (bats) Lassavirus (African soft-furred mouse)
-Transmission: Via contact with bodily fluids, especially blood

96
Q

Malaria

A

-Symptoms: Jaundice, severe recurrent fever & chills
-Pathogens: Plasmodium
-Transmitted by: Anopheles mosquito
-Virulence factors: Parasite reproduces RBCs, which have no MHC1, Merozoites formed in liver cells
-Genetic trait: Sickle-cell trait, ie

97
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

-Immunocompromised, pregnant (can cross placenta)
-Associated with cats/cat litter, undercooked infected meat
-Pathogen: Toxoplasma gondii (protozoan)

98
Q

American Trypanosomiasis

A

-Chagas disease
-Acute: Reaction @ site, fever, malaise
-Chronic: 10-20 years of asymptomatic followed by difficulty swallowing, heart issues
-Pathogen: Trypanosoma cruzii
-Transmission: Triatomine bugs (kissing bugs)

99
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

-Signs/symptoms: Swimmer’s itch, worms mature/mate/lay eggs/die which leads to impairment of organs and potentially death
-Pathogens: Species of flukes

100
Q

Bubonic plague: Vector

A

Flea

101
Q

Tularemia: Vector

A

Tick

102
Q

Yellow Fever: Vector

A

Aedes aegypti mosquito

103
Q

Malaria: Vector

A

Anopheles mosquito

104
Q

Ebola: Vector

A

Not vector-borne

105
Q

Chaga’s Disease: Vector

A

Triatomine bug

106
Q

Schistosomiasis: Etiologic agent

A

Helminthic

107
Q

Toxoplasmosis: Etiologic agent

A

Protozoan

108
Q

Anaplasmosis: Etiologic Agent

A

Bacterial

109
Q

Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Etiologic agent

A

Viral

110
Q

Which stage of the Plasmodium life cycle forms in human liver cells?

Select one:

a.Gametocyte

b.Sporozoite

c.Schizont

d.Oocyst

A

c.Schizont

111
Q

Which of the following physical signs indicate a Yersinia pestis infection?

Select one:

a.Leukopenia

b.Bull’s eye rash

c.Buboes

d.Petechiae

A

c.Buboes

112
Q

Destruction and failure of the heart valves is a consequence of bacterial disease?

Select one:

a.Ehrlichiosis

b.Bacteremia

c.Endocarditis

d.Anaplasmosis

A

c.Endocarditis

113
Q

Which of the following zoonosis generally spreads to humans from livestock?

Select one:

a.Plague

b.Brucellosis

c.Lyme’s disease

A

b.Brucellosis

114
Q

Lyme disease is caused by a pathogen which is a ________________.

Select one:

a.A bacillus with a terminal spore

b.Spirochete

c.Gram positive cocci

d.Gram negative cocci

A

b.Spirochete

115
Q

UTIs

A

-Primarily in women (shorter urethra)
-Pathogen: E-Coli (70%), Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumonia (intestinal tract microorgnaisms)
-Signs/Symptoms: Painful urination, cloudy urination, blood in urine
-Virulence factors: Flagella, Fimbriae, E. Coli

116
Q

Leptospirosis

A

-Signs/Symptoms: Fever, headaches, can lead to be fatal
-Pathogen: Leptospira interrogans (spirochete)
-Virulence: Adhesins, Evasion of complement/antibodies
-Urine of infected animals/contaminated bodies of water
-Rare in US

117
Q

Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

A

-Severe red rash, w/ sudden onset of fever, chills, mental confusion (high mortality rate-low BP)
-Pathogen: staphylococcus aureus
-Virulence: Exotoxins
-Most common in menstruating females (absorpant tampons), nasal surgery
-Medical emergency

118
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis

A

-Homogenous white discharge with fishy odor
-Pathogen: Gardnerella vaginalis, mycoplasma hominis (anaerobic organisms)
-Having multiple sexual partners, vaginal douching

119
Q

Vaginal Candidiasis

A

-Vaginal discharge is curd like
-Pathogen: Candida albicans (other yeast species)
-AIDs, Diabetes…

120
Q

Gonorrhea

A

-Men: Painful urination, pus-filled discharge
-Women: Asymptomatic
-Pathogen: Neisseria gonnorhoeae
-Can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infect the eyes during pregnancy

121
Q

Syphillis

A

-Primary: Hard, non-painful genital chancre (infectious)
-Secondary: Cold-like symptoms, rash on hands/feet (contagious)
-Latent: Asymptomatic/Dormant
-Tertiary: Gumma lesions, dementia, blindness
-Pathogen: Treponema pallidum (spirochete)

122
Q

Chlamydia

A

-Painful urination, affect epididymis, sterility in men
-Babes: Affect the eyes (trachoma)
-Development of bubo: Affected lymph node/painful
-Pathogen: Chlamydia trachomatis
-Most common STI

123
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

-Men: Asymptomatic
-Women: Yellow-green vaginal discharge
-Pathogen: Trichomonas vaginalis
-More common, curable in women

124
Q

Syphillis: Painless, non-itching, wide-spread rash, lasting many weeks

A

Secondary syphillis

125
Q

Syphillis: Chancre

A

Primary syphillis

126
Q

Type of Syphilis that leads to malformation of organs

A

Congenital syphillis

127
Q

Syphillis: Gumma

A

Tertiary syphillis

128
Q

Candida is associated with

A

Vaginal yeast infection

129
Q

Neissseria is associated with

A

Gonorrhea

130
Q

Papillomavirus is associated with

A

Genital warts

131
Q

chlamydia is associated with

A

Lymphoganuloma venereum

132
Q

Treponema is associated with

A

Syphillis

133
Q

Toxic shock syndrome is associated with what pathogen

A

Staphylococcus

134
Q

A patient at a neighborhood clinic has a foul-smelling, yellowish-green vaginal discharge. This sign is indicative of __________.

Select one:

a.gonorrhea

b.chlamydial infection

c.trichomoniasis

d.syphilis

A

c.trichomoniasis

135
Q

Which of the following is a zoonosis?

Select one:

a.Chlamydial infections

b.Leptospirosis

c.Gonorrhea

d.Trichomoniasis

e.Syphilis

A

b.Leptospirosis

136
Q

Which of the following microorganisms is the most common cause of urinary tract infections?

Select one:

a.Escherichia coli

b.Proteus vulgaris

c.Candida albicans

d.Pseudomonas fluorescens

A

a.Escherichia coli

137
Q

The majority of genital herpes cases are caused by human herpes virus ___.

Select one:

a.2

b.4

c.1

d.6

A

a.2

138
Q

Which STD can cause trachoma?

Select one:

a.Chlamydial infection

b.Genital warts

c.Trichomoniasis

d.Syphilis

e.Gonorrhea

A

a.Chlamydial infection

139
Q

HAIs are classified as:

A

Iatogenic

140
Q

Vaccines are associated with what organization

A

FDA

141
Q

Transmission of Aseptic meningitis

A

Viral

142
Q

How is Ebola transmitted:

A

Bodily fluids

143
Q

Syphilis: Pathogen/Symptom

A

-Treponia Pallidum
-Gummas

144
Q

Virulence factor of SSSS

A

Exfoliative Toxins

145
Q

Cytomeglavirus is most commonly transmitted:

A

Sexually

146
Q

Swimmer’s Itch is most often transmitted through:

A

Snails (Larvae) and Waterfowl

147
Q

Tinea Cruris affects which region:

A

Genital

148
Q

Subjects selected because they are members of a certain population at a certain time

A

Cross-Sectional Study

149
Q

Subjects are categorized on the basis of their exposure to one or more risk factors or
interventions

A

Cohort Study

150
Q

Subjects identified as having a disease or condition are compared with subjects without the
same disease or condition

A

Case-Control Study

151
Q

How are Scabies transmitted

A

Mites

152
Q

How are Scabies transmitted

A

Mites

153
Q

Which does not spread ehrichosis (unpasteurized milk)

A

Anthropod Factor

154
Q

Fimbriae that promote adhesion to host cell

A

Meningococcus

155
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Tetanospasmin

156
Q

Brucellosis is associated with

A

Milk products

157
Q

Borrelia bugdorferi uses _________

A

Maganese

158
Q

Axenic

A

CSF + Blood

159
Q

Transmission of Aseptic meningitis

A

Virus

160
Q

Peripheral nerves are associated with

A

Mycobacterium

161
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes virulence factors

A

M-protein, hyaluronic acid capsule, pyrogenic toxins

162
Q

Bacterial Diseases of the skin

A

Folliculitis, SSSS, Impetigo, Erysipelas, Cellulitis, Necrotizing fasciitis, acne, Cat Scratch Diseas, Pseudomonas, Spotted fever rickettsiosis, Anthrax

163
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A

Certain population subset during a certain time

164
Q

Cohort Study

A

Subjects exposed to one or more risk factors

165
Q

Case-Control Study

A

Subjects with the condition vs those w/o condition

166
Q

Types of HAIs

A

Exogenous, Endogenous, Iatrogenic

167
Q

Exogenous HAI

A

Exposure to pathogens in a health care facility

168
Q

Endogenous HAIs

A

Opportunistic infections from immune-compromised patients

169
Q

Iatrogenic HAI

A

“Doctor-induced” or from modern medical procedures (Ie. Catheter)

170
Q

Superinfections

A

Secondary infectious that are resistant to treatment during the first infection

171
Q

Superbugs

A

Multi-drug resistant pathogens

172
Q

WHO

A

Improve public health around world

173
Q

Department of Agriculture

A

Meat and Dairy regulation

174
Q

Environmental Protection agency

A

Hazordous wastes

175
Q

CDC

A

Collect national data/measures to reduce disease (NOT vaccines)

176
Q

FDA

A

Safety of drugs, ,biological products, medical devices VACCINES, foods etc.

177
Q

NIH

A

Medical research

178
Q

Non-pathogenic S. Epidemidis secretes

A

Serine Protease

179
Q

Common Skin Microbiota

A

-Staphylococcus
-Diptheroids

180
Q

Staphylococcus

A

-S. Epidermis is very common
-Tolerates 5-10% salt content
-Competes for nutrients/space
-Secretes enzymes that upregulate gene expression to protect from bacteria

181
Q

Diptheroids

A

-Non-pathogenic
-Found in hair follicles
-Produce acidic environment to defend against infections
-Cause body odor

182
Q

Folliculitis: Key virulence factor against phagocytosis

A

Protein A

183
Q

Streptococcus Pyogenes Virulence Factors

A

-M Protein: Interferes with phagocytosis
-Hyaluronic acid capsule: “Camouflage” the bacterium
-Pyrogenic toxins: Release cytokines that stimulate fever, rash and shock

184
Q

Necrotizing Fasciitis: Pathogen

A

Streptococcus Pyogenes

185
Q

Cat Scratch Disease: Pathogen

A

Bartonella henselae

186
Q

Pseudomonas Infection: Pathogen

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

187
Q

Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis: Pathogen

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

188
Q

Cutaneous Anthrax: Pathogen

A

Bacillus anthracis

189
Q

Rubella is also known as:

A

German Measles

190
Q

During pregnancy, Rubella causes:

A

Severe birth defects or misscariage/stillbirth

191
Q

Rubella: Pathogen

A

Rubivirus

192
Q

Measles: Key Symptom

A

Koplik Spots

193
Q

Measles: Pathogen

A

Morbillivirus

194
Q

Measles: Mortality Rate in Children

A

1-5%

195
Q

Erythema Infectiosum: Pathogen

A

Parvovirus B19

196
Q

Erythema Infectiosum may trigger:

A

Miscarriage during pregnancy

197
Q

Roseola: Pathogen

A

HHV-6

198
Q

Roseola is linked to:

A

Multiple sclerosis

199
Q

Chickenpox/Shingles: Pathogen

A

Varicella-zoster virus

200
Q

Shingles: Pathogen

A

Herpes Zoster

201
Q

First disease to be declared eradicated in nature

A

Smallpox

202
Q

Smallpox: Pathogen

A

Variola Virus

203
Q

Herpes: Locations/Lesions

A

Lips: Fever blisters/cold sores
Genitalia: Genital herpes
Fingers: whitlow
-Eyes: Ocular herpes
Anywhere on skin: Herpes gladiatorium

204
Q

Pityriasis Versicolor: Etiologic Agent

A

Malassezia furfur

205
Q

Fungi growing on skin, nails and hair

A

Dermatophytoses

206
Q

Cutaneous Myocoses: Common Etiologic Agents

A

Trichophyton sp., Microsporum sp, Epidermophyton sp.

207
Q

Tinea Pedis

A

Athlete’s Foot

208
Q

Tinea Cruris

A

Jock’s Itch

209
Q

Tinea unguium

A

Nail fungus

210
Q

Tinea corporis

A

Trunk

211
Q

Tinea capitis

A

Head

212
Q

Neisseria meningitides: Virulence Factors

A

Capsule, Fimbriae, Lipid A

Infectious Disease (3 decks)

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