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X: PSY 241: Developmental Psychology > 2: Prenatal Development, Pregnancy, and Birth > Flashcards

2: Prenatal Development, Pregnancy, and Birth Flashcards

1
Q

death during the first year of life

A

infant mortality

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2
Q

a hormone often measured in saliva by researchers as a biological marker of stress

A

cortisol

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3
Q

second stage of prenatal development, during which all major organs are constructed - lasts 6 weeks

A

embryonic stage

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4
Q

an illness that a child gets by inheriting two copies of the abnormal gene that causes it (both parents)

A

recessive disorder

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5
Q

an image of a fetus in the womb that helps to date the pregnancy, assess the fetus’ growth, and identify abnormalities

A

ultrasound

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6
Q

new research discipline exploring the impact of traumatic pregnancy events and stress on producing low birth weight, obesity, and long-term physical problems

A

fetal programming research

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7
Q

the period of pregnancy (266-277 days)

A

gestation

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8
Q

the moment, around day 14 of a woman’s menstrual cycle, when an ovum is expelled from the ovary

A

ovulation

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9
Q

second-trimester procedure, involves inserting a syringe in woman’s uterus to extract sample of amniotic fluid, which is tested for genetic/chromosomal conditions

A

amniocentesis

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10
Q

a common situation in affluent countries, in which parents are torn between the demands of family and a career

A

family-work conflict

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11
Q

a substance that crosses the placenta and harms the fetus

A

teratogen

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12
Q

the earliest point at which a baby can survive outside the womb (22-23 weeks)

A

age of viability

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13
Q

the material that makes up genes, which bear our hereditary characteristics

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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14
Q

the naturally occurring loss of a pregnancy and death of the fetus

A

miscarriage

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15
Q

the process in which a blastocyst becomes embedded in the uterine wall

A

implantation

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16
Q

the time when a body structure is most vulnerable to damage by a teratogen, typically when the organ or process is rapidly developing, coming “online”

A

sensitive period

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17
Q

a blood test to determine whether a person carries the gene for a given genetic disorder

A

genetic testing

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18
Q

a bag-shaped, fluid-filled membrane that contains and insulates the fetus

A

amniotic sac

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19
Q

any fertility treatment in which the egg is fertilized outside the womb

A

assisted reproductive technology (ART)

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20
Q

the narrow lower portion (neck) of the uterus

A

cervix

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21
Q

a professional who counsels parents-to-be about their children’s risk of developing genetic disorders, available treatments

A

genetic counselor

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22
Q

three month-long segments into which pregnancy is divided

A

trimesters

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23
Q

first 14 days of prenatal development, from fertilization to implantation

A

germinal stage

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24
Q

thread-like strands of DNA located in the nucleus of every cell (every cell has 46, except sperm and ova, which have 23)

A

chromosomes

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25
Q

almond-shaped organs that contain the woman’s eggs (ova)

A

ovaries

26
Q

delivering a baby surgically by extracting the fetus through incisions in the abdominal wall and uterus

A

cesarean section (C-section)

27
Q

the hollow sphere of roughly 100 cells formed during the germinal stage in preparation for implantation

A

blastocyst

28
Q

slim, pipe-like structures that connect the ovaries with the uterus

A

fallopian tubes

29
Q

an illness carried on the mother’s X chromosome that typically leaves female offspring unaffected but has a 50/50 chance of affecting male offspring

A

sex-linked single-gene disorder

30
Q

the inability to conceive after a year of unprotected sex (or inability to carry a child to term)

A

infertility

31
Q

popular method preparing women for childbirth by teaching pain management through relaxation and breathing exercises

A

Lamaze method

32
Q

painkilling medication used to numb a woman’s body below the waist during childbirth

A

epidural

33
Q

the union of sperm and egg

A

fertilization

34
Q

an illness that a child gets by inheriting one copy of the abnormal gene that causes it (50/50 chance if parent has it)

A

dominant disorder

35
Q

learning impairments and behavioral problems during infancy and childhood

A

developmental disorders

36
Q

an egg cell containing the genetic material contributed by the mother to the baby

A

ovum

37
Q

the developmental principle that growth occurs in a sequence from head to toe

A

cephalocaudal sequence

38
Q

most common chromosomal abnormality, causing intellectual disability, distinctive physical characteristics and health problems

A

Down syndrome

39
Q

a pregnant woman’s first feeling of the fetus moving inside her body

A

quickening

40
Q

segment of DNA that contains a chemical blueprint for manufacturing a particular protein, carrying out physical processes of life

A

gene

41
Q

third and final stage of prenatal development, characterized by physical refinements, massive growth, and development of the brain - lasts 7 months

A

fetal stage

42
Q

a quick test used to assess a just-delivered baby’s condition by measuring heart rate, muscle tone, respiration, reflex response, and color

A

Apgar scale

43
Q

the structure that attaches the placenta to the fetus, through which nutrients are passed and fetal wastes are removed

A

umbilical cord

44
Q

an infertility treatment in which conception occurs outside the womb

A

in vitro fertilization

45
Q

a fertilized ovum - result of fertilization

A

zygote

46
Q

a physical or neurological problem that occurs prenatally or at birth

A

birth defect

47
Q

chemical substances released in the bloodstream that target and change organs and tissues

A

hormones

48
Q

person who provides emotional and physical support during labor (natural childbirth), doesn’t perform any healthcare tasks

A

doula

49
Q

a riskier first-trimester pregnancy test for fetal genetic disorders, involves inserting catheter into vagina and withdrawing piece of placenta

A

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

50
Q

a cylindrical structure that forms along the back of the embryo and develops into the brain and spinal cord

A

neural tube

51
Q

labor and birth experience without medical interventions

A

natural childbirth

52
Q

a weight at birth of less than 3 ¼ pounds

A

very low birth weight (VLBW)

53
Q

the developmental principle that growth occurs from the most interior parts of the body outward

A

proximodistal sequence

54
Q

pear-shaped muscular organ in a woman’s abdomen that houses the developing baby

A

uterus

55
Q

healthcare professional trained to handle low-risk deliveries with fewer medical interventions

A

certified midwife

56
Q

a cluster of birth defects caused by the mother’s alcohol consumption during pregnancy

A

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

57
Q

structure projecting from the wall of the uterus during pregnancy through which the developing baby absorbs nutrients

A

placenta

58
Q

a special hospital unit that treats at-risk newborns, such as LBW and VLBW babies

A

neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)

59
Q

the developmental principle that large structures (and movements) precede increasingly detailed refinements

A

mass-to-specific sequence

60
Q

a weight at birth of less than 5 ½ pounds

A

low birth weight (LBW)

X: PSY 241: Developmental Psychology (15 decks)

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