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Parasitology lec > Hookworms > Flashcards

Hookworms Flashcards

1
Q

Two primary intestinal hookworm species:

A

○ Ancylostoma duodenale
○ Necator americanus

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2
Q

Final Host

A

Man

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3
Q

MOT

A

Skin penetration
- undergoes Heart-lung Migration

For Ancylostoma:
- transmammary (breast milk)
- transplacental

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4
Q

Habitat

A

small intestine

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5
Q

Infective Stage

A

L3 filariform larva

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6
Q

Diagnostic Stage

A

Hookworm Eggs

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7
Q

Species
Identification

A

dental pattern/buccal cavity

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8
Q

eggs are ____________

A

indistinguishable

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9
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale

Common Name

A

Old World Hookworm

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10
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale

Prevalence

A

Found in European Countries

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11
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale

Shape

A

C-shaped curvature

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12
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale

Lifespan

A

5-7 years

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12
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale

Color

A

In fresh specimens, they are colored as
pinkish or creamy grey

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13
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale

Egg Productio

A

Females produce more or less 3000
eggs (value varies depending on
reference)

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14
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale

Comparison

A

Ancylostoma duodenale is bigger than
Necator americanus

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15
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale

Female worm; tail is ______ and has a mouth

A

pointed

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16
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale

Male worm; has a _________ and a mouth

A

copulatory bursa

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17
Q

Necator americanus

Common Name

A

New World Hookworm/American
Murderer

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18
Q

Necator americanus

Prevalence

A

Found in tropical areas

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19
Q

Necator americanus

Size

A

Smaller than Ancylostoma
duodenale

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20
Q

Necator americanus

Shape

A

S-shaped curvature

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21
Q

Necator americanus

Color

A

It may appear as greyish yellow with
reddish undertone

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22
Q

Necator americanus

Lifespan

A

4-20 Years

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23
Q

Necator americanus

Dental Pattern

A

No teeth but
semilunar cutting
plates are visible

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24
Q

Necator americanus

Copulatory
Bursa (found in
the male)

A

Bipartite/bidigitate
dorsal ray

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25
Q

Necator americanus

Spicule (male)

A

barbed and fuzed
together

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26
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale

Spicule (male)

A

plain and bristle
like

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26
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale

Copulatory
Bursa (found in
the male)

A

Tripartite/trudigitate dorsal rays

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26
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale

Dental Pattern

A

Has 2 pairs of
teeth

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26
Q

Hookworms: Larval Stages

It is the feeding stage

A

Rhabditiform Larva (L1 larva)

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27
Q

Hookworms: Larval Stages

It is quite stout

A

Rhabditiform Larva
(L1 larva)

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28
Q

Hookworms: Larval Stages

Check the _______ to identify L1 Larva

Rhabditiform Larva

A

buccal capsule

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29
Q

Hookworms: Larval Stages

Take note of the length: the buccal capsule is _______ than the width of the larva

Rhabditiform Larva

A

longer

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30
Q

Hookworms: Larval Stages

A small _________ is present in L1 larva of hookworms

Rhabditiform Larva

A

genital primordium

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31
Q

Hookworms: Larval Stages

Infective Stage

A

Filariform Larva (L3 larva)

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32
Q

Hookworms: Larval Stages

Close mouth stage

A

Filariform Larva (L3 larva)

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33
Q

Hookworms: Larval Stages

Slender compared to L1 Larva

A

Filariform Larva (L3 larva)

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34
Q

Hookworms: Larval Stages

On the posterior part, tail is _______ and the larva is
__________

Filariform Larva (L3 larva)

A
  • pointed
  • sheathed
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35
Q

Hookworm: Eggs

Thick or Thin shelled?

A

Thin-shelled

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36
Q

Hookworm: Eggs

round structures inside the egg

A

Blastomere

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37
Q

Hookworm: Eggs

Also called Morula ball formation

A

Blastomere

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38
Q

Hookworm: Eggs

____ developing cells are found in a single
egg

Blastomere

A

2 - 8

39
Q

Hookworm: Eggs

It can be found and recovered in the ____ of infected patients

A

stool

40
Q

Hookworm: Eggs

Just like Ascaris and Trichuris, hookworms are soil transmitted helminths and the eggs __________ in the soil.

A

embryonates

41
Q

Hookworm: Eggs

_________ are recovered in the stools of patients.

A

Unembryonated eggs

42
Q

Hookworm: Life Cycle

Get the infection if _____ penetrates the skin

A

L3 Larva

43
Q

Hookworm: Life Cycle

__________ secreted by the L3 larva may allow penetration of larva to the skin and eventually end up into the bloodstream

A

Hyaluronidase

44
Q

Hookworm: Life Cycle

From the bloodstream, the parasite would undergo
___________

A

heart lung migration.

45
Q

Hookworm: Life Cycle

Larva will become mature worms found in the ___________ until they become adults.

A

small intestine

46
Q

Hookworm: Life Cycle

Male and Female worms will undergo reproduction and release _________

A

unembryonated eggs.

47
Q

Hookworm: Life Cycle

Once the unembrynated eggs are in the soil, they will embryonated for _______ and the L1 larva would
be released

A

1 to 2 days

48
Q

Hookworm: Life Cycle

Hookworms prefer embryonating in __________

A

sandy
loam soil

49
Q

Hookworm: Life Cycle

Egg will hatch into an _________ and will become an _____ in the soil ready to infect another host

A
  • L1 larva
  • L3 larva
50
Q

Hookworm: Life Cycle

When reporting, only write it as

A

“Hookworm Eggs”

51
Q

Hookworm: Pathology

3 Phases:

A
  1. Cutaneous Phase
  2. Pulmonary Phase
  3. Intestinal Phase
52
Q

Hookworm: Pathology

Pulmonary Phase:

A

Wakana’s Disease
(Pneumonitis)

52
Q

Hookworm: Pathology

Cutaneous Phase:

A

Ground itch
(Allergic Reaction)
or Dew Itch

53
Q

Hookworm: Pathology

Intestinal Phase:

A
  • Blood Loss (IDA)
  • Abdominal Pain
  • Diarrhea
  • Eosinophilia
54
Q

Hookworm: Pathology

Happens during the larval penetration of the
skin

A

Cutaneous Phase

55
Q

Hookworm: Pathology

would usually appear as redness or rash on
the skin (a papular rash)

A

Cutaneous Phase

55
Q

Hookworm: Pathology

It would be seen at the soles of the feet or in
between the toes.

A

Cutaneous Phase

56
Q

Hookworm: Pathology

The redness is caused by the allergic
reaction against the larvae antigens of the parasite

A

Cutaneous Phase

56
Q

Hookworm: Pathology

This disease is also a type of Pneumonitis that is quite similar to Ascaris due to the migrating larva

A

Pulmonary Phase

57
Q

Hookworm: Pathology

Elevation of Eosinophils

A

Pulmonary Phase

58
Q

Hookworm: Pathology

Respiratory manifestations

A

Pulmonary Phase

59
Q

Hookworm: Pathology

Presence of Charcot Leyden crystals in the
sputum specimen

A

Pulmonary Phase

60
Q

Hookworm: Pathology

Attributed to the adult worms. The adult hookworm will attach to the small intestines and suck blood – leading to blood loss.

A

Intestinal Phase

61
Q

Hookworm: Pathology

Chronic cases can lead to:

Intestinal Phase

A

■ Iron Deficiency Anemia
■ low hemoglobin count
■ Red cells would become
microcytic
■ Color would be hypochromic
(paler in color)

62
Q

Hookworm: Pathology

Some conditions such as ___________ and __________ can exacerbate the manifestations – more blood loss

A

pregnancy and menstruation

63
Q

Hookworm: Treatment

A
  • Albendazole
  • Mebendazole
  • Pyrantel Pamoate
64
Q

Hookworm: Pathology

More blood loss will be encountered if infected with ___________ due to its large size.

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

65
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

A

● DFS
● Kato-Katz
● Concentration Techniques (FECT)
● Baermann Technique

65
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

It can be for the determination of the
intensity of infection

A

Kato-Katz

66
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

Quantifies the eggs per gram

A

Kato-Katz

67
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

For the recovery of eggs

A

Concentration Techniques (FECT)

68
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

For recovery of larvae

A

Baermann Technique

69
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

It make use of a Baermann funnel

A

Baermann Technique

70
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

this has a gauze and a wire mesh (cheesecloth is an alternative for the gauze)

A

Baermann funnel

71
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

can examine more amounts of stool vs.
Harada Mori Technique

A

Baermann funnel

71
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

can examine larval stages of Strongyloides

A

Baermann funnel

72
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

can also examine soil

A

Baermann funnel

73
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

In the gauze, __________ will be put inside. You will tali and put it inside the funnel

Baermann Technique Steps

A

fecal matter

74
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

In the funnel, there is the wire mesh and make sure that the lower part of the funnel is ________ to prevent fluid or fecal matter to flow

Baermann Technique Steps

A

clipped

75
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

Afterwards, put _____ into the funnel, and put in a room temperature. Wait for a few days.

Baermann Technique Steps

A

water

76
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

The eggs in the fecal matter will hatch and the larva will be accumulated in the _____

Baermann Technique Steps

A

fluid

76
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

After few days of accumulation, collect the fluid in a beaker. ________ it, and look for larval stages

Baermann Technique Steps

A

Centrifuge

77
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

also for recovery of larvae

A

Harada Mori Technique

78
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

stool samples for this technique should not
be refrigerated

A

Harada Mori Technique

79
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

Requires a filter paper to which fecal
material is added and a test tube into which the filter paper is inserted.

A

Harada Mori Technique

80
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

Moisture is maintained by adding boiled or
distilled water

A

Harada Mori Technique

80
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

With a strip of __________ with fecal smear, put it inside a conical tube with distilled water

Harada Mori Technique Steps

A

filter paper

81
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

Make sure the distilled water will not touch
the _________

Harada Mori Technique Steps

A

fecal smear

82
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

Put a ____ plug

Harada Mori Technique Steps

A

cotton

83
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

Put in an upright position in a dark area for _____ at room temperature.

Harada Mori Technique Steps

A

5-7 days

84
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

Hookworm eggs will hatch and the larva will migrate and be recovered in the _____.

Harada Mori Technique Steps

A

water

85
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

Examine the water everyday or every other day to check for the _______ presence.

Harada Mori Technique Steps

A

larva’s

86
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

Prior examination, ____ the water when checking in order to kill the larval stages

Harada Mori Technique Steps

A

heat

87
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

If freshly collected, we would find the _____. we would rarely find larva

Harada Mori Technique Steps

A

eggs

88
Q

Hookworm: Diagnosis

If sample is old/not fresh, we would now find ____

Harada Mori Technique Steps

A

larva

89
Q

Hookworm: Epidemiology

______ are more prone to infection

A

Farmers

90
Q

Hookworm: Epidemiology

______ and ______ are high risk

A

Pregnant Women and Children

91
Q

Hookworm: Epidemiology

Pregnant women would need more ____

A

iron

92
Q

Hookworm: Epidemiology

Eggs embryonate best in damp sandy loam soil and at a temperature of ____

A

24-32C

93
Q

Hookworm: Epidemiology

Other modes of transmission has been observed in for _______

A

Old World Hookworm

Parasitology lec (24 decks)

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