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History A level Chapter 7 > Co-ordination: Gleichschaltung > Flashcards

Co-ordination: Gleichschaltung Flashcards

1
Q

In legal terms, the Weimar constitution was not dissolved until when ?

A

1945

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2
Q

What did the Enabling Law provide, keep in mind the Weimar constitution was dissolved in 1945 in legal terms.

A

A legal basis for the dictatorship

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3
Q

What is referred to as Gleichschaltung or co-ordination?

A

The degeneration of Weimar’s democracy into the Nazi system

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4
Q

What has co-ordination been viewed rather neatly as?

A

As the ‘merging’ of German society with party associations and institutions in an attempt to Nazify life in Germany

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5
Q

In what way, much of Germany’s educational and social life became increasingly controlled?

A

At first, many Nazi organisations had to exist alongside existing bodies, but they gradually replaced them

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6
Q

To some extent, what was co-ordination generated by?

A

By the power of freedom exploited by the Sturmabteilung (SA) at the local level- a ‘revolution from below’

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7
Q

What was co-ordination also directed by?

A

The Nazi leadership from the political centre in Berlin - a ‘revolution from above’

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8
Q

These two political forces, SA and Nazi leadership, attempted to co-ordinate as many what?

A

As many aspects of German life as possible along Nazi lines

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9
Q

Differences over what caused future conflict within the party?

A

Over the exact long-term goals of National Socialism

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10
Q

In 1933, the priority of Nazi leadership was to secure what by what methods?

A

To secure its political supremacy by co-ordination

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11
Q

Give examples of the agencies at odds with Nazi political aspirations that it had to deal with.

A

Regional states
The political parties
The trade unions
The Churches

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12
Q

What was a strong tradition in German history?

A

Regional independence

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13
Q

What did regional independence obstruct?

A

Regional independence obstructed the Nazi desire to create a fully unified country

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14
Q

Nazi activists had already exploited the climate of Feb to March 1933 to do what?

A

Intimidate opponents and to infiltrate regional state governments

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15
Q

The nazi’s political success rapidly degenerated into what?

A

Terror and violence

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16
Q

Why did Hitler worry about the terror and violence of ‘political success’?

A

Worried it would alienate conservatives

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17
Q

How did the situation of the Regional States (lander) get resolved?

A

March 1933 - regional parliaments (Landtage) were dissolved, abloished in January 1934
Governments of all states were subordinated to the Ministry of the Interior in Berlin central government
A law of 7 April 1933 created Reich governors (Reichstatthalter), who more often than not, were the local party Gauleiter with full powers

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18
Q

By when was the federal principle of government as good as dead?

A

Early 1934

19
Q

The Nazi governors existed simply to what?

A

‘To execute the will of the supreme leadership of the Reich’

20
Q

Why had Germany’s trade union movement been powerful?

A

Because of its mass membership and its strong connections with socialism and Catholicism

21
Q

Why was Germany’s trade union movement under pressure by May 1933?

A

Depression had already severely weakened it by reducing membership and lessening the will to resist.

22
Q

How did the trade leaders delude themselves?

A

They believed they could work with the Nazis to preserve the structure of trade unionism and a degree of independence

23
Q

What was the short term hope of the trade union leaders?

A

Trade unionism would continue to serve its social role

24
Q

What was the long term hope of the trade union leaders?

A

It could provide the framework for development in the post-Nazi era

25
Q

What did the Nazis declare the 1st of May?

A

A national holiday

26
Q

Why was the declaration of 1st of May to be a national holiday a surprise?

A

It was the traditional day of celebration for international socialist labour, suggesting an atmosphere of cooperation

27
Q

What happened on the following day of the 1st of May?

A

Trade union premises were occupied by SA and Schutz Staffel (SS)
Union funds were confiscated and many of the leaders arrested and sent to the early concentration camps
Independent trade unions were then banned

28
Q

What took the place of independent trade unions?

A

German Labour Front (DAF, Deutscher Arbeitsfront)

29
Q

How many members would the DAF gain?

A

22 million members

30
Q

What did the DAF lack?

A

The most fundamental right to negotiate wages and conditions of work

31
Q

By the end of 1933, what happened to the power of the German free Labour movement?

A

It had been decisively broken

32
Q

Gleichschaltung could not tolerate what?

A

Other political parties

33
Q

What did Nazism reject?

A

Democracy and any concessions to alternative opinions

34
Q

What did Nazism aspire to establish?

A

Dictatorial rule within a one-party state (This was not difficult to achieve)

35
Q

The Communists had been outlawed since when?

A

Since the Reichstag fire

36
Q

Soon after the destruction of the trade unions what happened to the Social Democrafts?

A

Assets were seized and then they were officially banned on 22 June

37
Q

Most of the major remaining parties willingly agreed to what?

A

To dissolve themselves in the course of late June 1933 - even the Nationalists (previously coalition partners to the Nazis)

38
Q

What did the Catholic Centre Party decide to do?

A

To give up the struggle and followed suit on 5th July 1933

39
Q

There was thus no opposition to what?

A

The decree of 14th July that formally proclaimed the Nazi Party as the only legal political party in Germany

40
Q

By the end of 1933 the process of Gleichschaltung was well advanced in what areas?

A

Areas of public life

41
Q

Gleichschaltung had limited impression on what?

A

The role and influence of the army, big business and the Churches (Although an agreement was made with the papacy in July 1933)
Civil service and education had only been partially co-ordinated, mainly due to Hitler’s determination to shape events through the ‘RfA’ and to avoid antagnoising such powerful interests

42
Q

Despite Hitler’s determination to shape events through the Revolution from above, there were many in the lower ranks of the party who contributed to what?

A

the ‘revolution from below’

43
Q

What did those who partook in the revolution from below want to do?

A

Extend the process of Gleichschaltung

44
Q

The internal party conflict of ‘revolution from below and above’ laid the basis for what?

A

The bloody events of June 1934

History A level Chapter 7 (10 decks)

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