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Biology > Genes, Transcription, Mitosis, Meiosis > Flashcards

Genes, Transcription, Mitosis, Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

A chromosome contains ______ ___ _____ ______

A

Millions of base pairs

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2
Q

What is another word to describe a nucleotide polymer?

A

A polynucleotide

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3
Q

T/F: Nitrogenous bases are basic (pH wise)

A

True!

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4
Q

Nitrogenous bases can be divided into 2 group types; what do these 2 groups consist of?

A
  1. Thymine + Cytosine (single-ring structures)
  2. Adenine + Guanine (larger, double-ring structures)
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5
Q

RNA contains ________ sugars whereas DNA contains __________ sugars

A
  1. Ribose
  2. Deoxyribose
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6
Q

DNA is composed of a ______ ________ backbone

A

Sugar phosphate

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7
Q

What are the 2 main functions of DNA polymerase?

A
  1. DNA replication
  2. Repairing DNA that has been damaged (i.e. toxic chemicals or high energy radiation)
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8
Q

Which process happens first; transcription or translation?

A

Transcription

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9
Q

What are DNA polymerases?

A

Enzymes that synthesize DNA

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10
Q

What is a genotype?

A

An organisms’ genetic makeup

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11
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

An organisms’ physical individual traits

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12
Q

What is transcription?

A

The transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule

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13
Q

What is translation?

A

The transfer of genetic information from mRNA into a polypeptide (protein strand)

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14
Q

What is the main function of a DNA gene?

A

To dictate the production of a polypeptide

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15
Q

What are codons?

A

A sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA that encodes information for the production of a specific amino acid or serves as a stop signal to terminate protein synthesis

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16
Q

What are anticodons?

A

Anticodons are sequences of nucleotides that are complementary to codons, and are found in tRNAs

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17
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

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18
Q

What is the function of a DNA helicase?

A

Unzips the double strand of DNA

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19
Q

What is the main function of a DNA polymerase?

Think of DNA replication

A

To synthesize DNA by adding nucleotides one by one to help form a DNA chain

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20
Q

T/F: DNA is fully conservative

A

False! DNA is semi-conservative when it comes to its replication process

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21
Q

T/F: DNA is directional

A

True, but DNA polymerase only runs 1 way

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22
Q

DNA is wrapped around _________ __________?

A

Histone proteins

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23
Q

What is the difference between sister chromatids and chromosomes?

A

Sister chromatids are duplicated DNA pairs that are connected at the centromere but separate DNA pairs are known as chromosomes

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24
Q

What is a diploid?

A

When you have 2 homologous chromosomes; contains two complete sets of chromosomes

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25
Q

What is a haploid?

A

Cells that contains one complete set of chromosomes; one member of of each pair of homologous chromosomes

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26
Q

What is the point of meiosis?

A

To divide cells to go from diploid cells to haploid through 2 rounds of division through PMAT I & II (to get cells that look different from parental cells)

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27
Q

T/F: DNA is antiparallel (strands)

A

True! Remember 5’ (prime) to 3’ (prime) and 3’ to 5’

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28
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

To replicate chromosomes which will eventually get separated into two separate nuclei

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29
Q

What are all 5 stages of mitosis? (Include the stage before prophase 0-5)

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis
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30
Q

The cell cycle consists of:

A
  1. Interphase and M phase
  2. Division
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31
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

The use of an organism or a component of an organism to make a product/process

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32
Q

How does genetic recombination occur naturally?

A

Through the process of Meiosis

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33
Q

What process occurs in cell division?

A

Reproduction

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34
Q

What is the name of the two cells that get created and are a result of cell division?

A

Daughter cells; they are genetically identical to each other and the original “parent” cell

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35
Q

Chromosomes contain most of the cell’s _______?

A

DNA

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36
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

The creation of genetically identical offspring from a single parent without the presence of sperm or eggs

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37
Q

What type of cell division (process) is responsible for the growth, maintenance and asexual reproduction of multicellular organisms?

A

Mitosis

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38
Q

How does sexual reproduction differ from asexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction requires fertilization of sperm to egg; asexual reproduction does not include sperm or eggs

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39
Q

What are gametes?

A

Egg and sperm cells

40
Q

T/F: Meiosis only occurs in reproductive organs

A

True!

41
Q

T/F: Gametes do not have half as many chromosomes as the parent cell that gave rise to it

A

False! Gametes DO have half as many chromosomes from the involved parent cell

42
Q

What type of cell division (process) is responsible for the reproduction of cells?

A

Meiosis

43
Q

Chromosomes are made up of a material called _______

A

Chromatin

44
Q

What are histones?

A

Small proteins that are associated with DNA (all packed up)

45
Q

What are nucleosomes?

A

Beads that attach to DNA that is wound around several histone molecules

46
Q

Y/N: Before a cell divides, do chromosomes condense even further?

A

Yes! A cell must compact its DNA before it can divide or move to a new cell

47
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Two identical copies of the same chromosome formed by DNA replication

48
Q

What process MUST happen before cell division?

A

The duplication of all chromosomes

49
Q

Chromosome duplication leads to _______ _________?

A

Sister chromatids

50
Q

Once the cell divides, the sister chromatids ________ where they once again become a __________ where each _______ gets distributed to one individual ________ _____.

A

Separate; chromosome; chromosome; daughter cell

51
Q

What are centromeres?

A

The linkage point between two sister chromatids

52
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The “lifetime” of a cell; the process of birth to its own reproduction

53
Q

T/F: Most of the cell cycle is not spent in interphase

A

False! Most of the time, cells are hanging out in interphase

54
Q

What happens in the stage of Interphase in a cell cycle?

A

Cells perform their normal functions within an organism

55
Q

What are the 3 sub-phases of Interphase?

A
  1. G1 stage (first gap) growth
  2. S phase (DNA synthesis & chromosome duplication)
  3. G2 stage (second gap) growth
56
Q

What part of the cell cycle deals with the division of cells?

A

Mitosis (mitotic phase)

57
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm and all of the cell’s organelles are divided into 2 cells

58
Q

What are mitotic spindles?

A

Structures that are attached to centrosomes that form during cell division and separates duplicated chromosomes by latching on to the centromere

59
Q

What are centrosomes?

A

Organelles that serve as a main microtubule organizing center of a eukaryotic cell

60
Q

T/F: Asexual reproduction offspring are exact genetic replicas of that one parent and of each other

A

True!

61
Q

T/F: Each offspring of sexual reproduction inherits a unique combination of genes from both parents

A

True!

62
Q

Somatic cells can be more simply thought of as ____ _____

A

Body cells

63
Q

A typical human body cell contains how many chromosomes?

A

46

64
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that carry genes that are controlling the same inherited characteristics (i.e. freckles at the same location on the duplicated sister chromatids; same gene at same location for both)

65
Q

T/F: 2 homologous chromosomes can have different versions of the same gene

A

True

66
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that determine a person’s sex (male/female)

67
Q

FITB: Males have one X chromosome and one ___ chromosome

A

Y

68
Q

FITB: Females have 2 ___ chromosomes

A

X

69
Q

What is the diploid number in human cells?

A

46 (2n)

70
Q

What is the haploid number in human cells?

A

23 (n)

71
Q

What process occurs when a haploid sperm fuses with a haploid egg? (It starts with an F and ends with an N)

A

Fertilization

72
Q

What are zygotes?

A

Fertilized eggs

73
Q

T/F: Zygotes are not diploid

A

False! They are diploid due to the fact that a sperm must fertilize an egg (two components to make 1 product; which is the zygote)

74
Q

T/F: Producing haploid (NOT DIPLOID) gametes through the process of meiosis keeps the chromosome number from doubling in every generation

A

True!

75
Q

What are non-sister chromatids?

A

Chromatids that consist of one maternal chromatid and one paternal chromatid of a homologous pair

76
Q

What is the difference between gametes and zygotes?

A

Gametes are sperm and egg; zygotes are eukaryotic cells

77
Q

What are the 6 components of Transcription?

A
  1. Gene
  2. Messenger RNA
  3. RNA polymerase
  4. Promoter
  5. Template strand
  6. Non-template strand
78
Q

T/F: DNA and RNA are nucleic acids

A

True!

79
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

A mutation that involves removal or insertion of nucleotides (base pairs) and alters the original sequence of base pairs

80
Q

What are the two steps in protein synthesis?

A
  1. Transcription (DNA → mRNA)
  2. Translation (mRNA → protein)
81
Q

T/F: In transcription, RNA polymerase will add complementary bases to a DNA coding strand

A

True!

82
Q

T/F: RNA polymerase adding complementary bases to a complete DNA coding strand (replication) is called mRNA

A

True!

83
Q

Uncoiled stringy DNA is also known as ____________.

A

Chromatin

84
Q

Before mitosis occurs, what action does DNA do?

A

Replication

85
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A

To help with growth, development and healing processes

86
Q

In mitosis, what happens during Prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense and are visible within the nucleus, chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell, nucleus eventually disintegrates

87
Q

Each half of a chromosome is known as a ________ __________.

A

Sister chromatid

88
Q

T/F: Sister chromatids of a chromosome are not identical to one another

A

False; they are identical

89
Q

What happens in Metaphase in Mitosis?

A

Chromosomes move single file to the center of the cell along the metaphase plate

90
Q

What happens in Anaphase in Mitosis?

A

Sister chromatids are split apart

91
Q

What happens in Telophase in Mitosis?

A

2 diploid daughter cells are being created and the nucleus gets reformed in both daughter cells. Then the chromosomes uncoil to make chromatin again.

92
Q

In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. This will result in _________

A

Cells with more than 1 nucleus

93
Q

Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely _______ cell in ________

A

A plant; Cytokinesis

94
Q

Stages of Mitosis in order (5 steps)

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
  5. Cytokinesis
95
Q
A

Biology (7 decks)

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