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Health & Healing > Bacteria & Infections > Flashcards

Bacteria & Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of bacteria cell shapes

A

1) coccus (spherical)
2) bacillus (rod-shaped)
3) coco-bacillus (in one field coccus + in the other bacillus)
4) curved (comma shaped
5) spiral

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1
Q

Name classification for bacteria

A

Genius followed by species

Staphylococcus aureus

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2
Q

Structure of bacteria

A

1) Outer layer capsule (not in all)
2) Cell wall (characteristic of prokaryotes)
3) Cytoplasmic membrane
4) Nuclear material (no nuclear membrane) Nucloid nucleus like structure, not surrounded by membrane

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3
Q

Structure of capsule

A

Thick, viscous gel like material

Polysaccharid usually

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4
Q

What is the purpose of a capsule

A

Interferes with phagocytosis

Adherence to surfaces: it allows organisms to stick to surfaces because of mucoid

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5
Q

Cell wall structure

A

Tough structure that provides protection to the cell from the outside environment

Major differences between gram positive and negative bacteria (the thickness of the petodoglycan wall)

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6
Q

Do bacteria require organisms to survive

A

No, they are unicellular and do not require living tissue to survive

prokaryotic

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7
Q

Where is cytoplasmic membrane located in bacteria

A

Inside the bacterial wall in gram-positives and on both sides of the cell wall in gram-negatives.

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8
Q

What is the structure of the cytoplasmic/cell membrane in bacteria

A

Fragile thin structure but carriers most important function in the cell

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9
Q

What functions does the cell membrane have in bacteria

A

transport

osmotic pressure

active barrier

respiration (aerobic) ->
producing metabolic energy, since no mitochondria

synthetic processes included in cell wall

Secretions of hydrolytic exoenzymes: to hydrolyze nutrients to be taken inside the cell

Site of cation some antibacterial agents

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10
Q

What intracytoplasmic structures do bacteria have

A

1) Nuclear body (Nucloid): circular DNA, no nuclear membrane

2) Ribosome 70S

3) Plasmids (extrachromosomal DNA), these carry genetic material from one cell to another

4) Granular inclusion: necessary for growth and multiplication of cell

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11
Q

What is the purpose of flagella

A

Attaches to cell wall to provide motility for some species

Long and motile

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12
Q

Where are Pilli/Fimbriae typically found

A

Mostly in Gram negative species

Shorter than flagella

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13
Q

What is the function ofFimbriae

A

Important in adherence to surfaces acting as virulence factors

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14
Q

What is the function of Pilli

A

Important in transfer of bacterial and viral DNA

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15
Q

What are spores

A

specialized resting cells produced by some species

Highly resistant to physical and chemical agents

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16
Q

Where are spores located

A

central, terminal or subterminal

they have complex structures do to the layers outside the cell

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17
Q

How is sporulation induced

A

by unfavourable conditions and germination under favourable conditions

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18
Q

How do microogransisms cause infection

A

They need to attach/adhere to the host tissue

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19
Q

How do cells adhere to host tissue

A

Pili

fimbrae

capsule

specific membrane receptor sites (by surface molecules) called adhersins or ligands

Which bind specifically to host cell receptors

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20
Q

What does it mean by some bacteria have invasive qualities

A

Some bacteria can cause damage on the surface of tissues

however most need to penetrate into the tissues by escaping phagocytosis and antimicrobial drugs by living inside cells

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21
Q

When bacteria invade the host tissue what are they first faced by

A

A phagocyte of the host

They either are destroyed by phagocytes or overcome the host defence or destroy the host cell

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22
Q

What are the 3 ways that bacteria can destroy the host cells

A
  1. Causing direct damage at the site because the pathogen depletes the cell of necessities/nutrients of life
  2. By producing toxins and enzymes transported via the blood and lymph
  3. By producing hypersensitivity reactions
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23
Q

What toxic substances does bacteria produce

A

enzymes, exotoxins, & endotoxins

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24
Q

What is the purpose of enzymes

A

Breaks down substances

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25
Q

Leukocidin

A

an enzyme that lyses leukocytes/WBCs

Dead WBCs produce pus

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26
Q

Hemolysin

A

an enzyme that hemolyses RBCs by taking away their iron and eating it

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27
Q

Coagulase

A

An enzyme always present in body.

transforms soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, creating a clot.

This protects them from phagocytosis.

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28
Q

Kinase

A

An enzyme always present in body

Breaks the clot formed around the bacteria to spread the infection.

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29
Q

How are toxins transported

A

By lymph and blood which can cause serious and fatal effects

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30
Q

What can toxins produce

A

fever, cardio disturbances, diarrhea, and shock

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31
Q

What are the two types of toxins

A

Exotoxin and endotoxin

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32
Q

Exotoxin

A

Produced inside bacterial cells as a part of growth and metabolism and produces to surrounding medium

Easily diffused in blood and readily transported throughout the body

33
Q

What are the 3 types of exotoxins and their functions

A

1) Cytotoxn: kill host cell or affect their fxn

2) Neurotoxin: Interfere with normal nerve impulse transmission. Ex. Tetanus, spasm of all muscles.

3) Enterotoxins: affect cell lining the GI system

34
Q

What does the body produce against exotoxins

A

They produce antibodies against the toxin called antitoxin

35
Q

What is an endotoxin

A

Part of the outer portion of the cell wall of gam negative bacteria and not secreted as with exotoxin

LPS of the cell wall of G-ve bacteria.

36
Q

When do endotoxins exert their effects

A

when the bacteria dies

the cell wall undergoes lysis liberating the LPS

37
Q

What manifestations do endotoxins produce

A

chills, fever, weakness, generalized aches, and in some cases shock and death

Activation of blood clotting proteins causing the formation of small blood clots.

can block some capillaries leading to tissue death called DIC

38
Q

Development of disease steps

A

Typically same for acute and chronic

1) Incubation period
2) Prodromal period
3) Acute period of period of illness
4) Period of decline
5) Convalescence or recovery

39
Q

What is incubation

A

The time interval between the actual infection and the appearance of any signs or symptoms

40
Q

What does incubation depend on

A

The specific micro-organisms involved, its virulence, the number, and the resistance of the host

41
Q

What is the development of infection-prodromal

A

Relatively short period that follows the incubation

characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease, such as general aches and malaise

sometimes very specific symptoms such as Koplik’s spots in measles

42
Q

What is the period of illness

A

The most acute part

the person exhibits signs and symptoms of disease such as fever, chills, myalgia, and GI disturbances

43
Q

How does period of illness end

A

Typically the immune response overcomes the pathogen and the period of illness ends

When it is not successfully overcome (or treated), the patients dies during this period

44
Q

What is the development of infection-period of decline

A

The signs and symptoms subside

The fever declines and feeling of malaise diminishes

May take less than 24 hours to several days

45
Q

What is the convalescence period

A

also referred to as the recovery period where the person regains strength and the body returns to its pre-diseased state

indicating that recovery has occurs

46
Q

In what illnesses does a the convalescing person carry the pathogenic microorganism for months or years

A

Typhoid fever and cholera

47
Q

People can serve as reservoirs of disease meaning

A

that they can easily spread the infections to others during periods of illness, incubation period and convalescence

48
Q

Patterns of infection

A

Local, focal, systemic, mixed, acute, chronic, primary secondary, subclinical

49
Q

Manifestations of infections

A

Local and systemic

50
Q

Local manifestions in infection

A

Heat (vasodilation)

Incapacitation (organ can’t do function)

Pain/tenderness

Edema

Lymphadenopathy (enlargement of lymph nodes)

Exudate (drainage)
- Purulent = bacterial
- clear = viral

Dependent to area of infection

51
Q

Exudate in local bacterial infections

A

lots of fighting in phagocytosis results in purulent colour and leads to pus in bacterial infections

52
Q

Systemic manifestations in infection

A

Fever (pyrogens)

Fatigue/weakness

headache

Malaise

Nausea

Arthralgia

Leukocytosis

Elevated ESR

Elevated CRP (activated when you have a specific immune response)

53
Q

What happens to the blood in bacterial infections

A

Increase in neutrophils

54
Q

What happens to parasitic responses

A

Increase in eosinophils

55
Q

What happens in viral infections

A

decrease in neutrophils (neutropenia)
and increase in lymphocytes (lymphocytosis)

56
Q

Purpose of WBC Differential/CBC

A

used to help diagnose the cause of a high or low WBC count

Shows % of each WBC

57
Q

For CBC what WBC will be high in a bacterial infection

A

First response of the body is to phagocyte and neutrophils are the first at this site. (40-60%)

Therefore, they will be high as we want to phagocyte.

Lymphocytes drop because neutrophils are so high. (20-40%)

58
Q

What is the sum of all the WBCs in a CBC

A

100%

59
Q

What are bands

A

young/immature neutrophils in very severe infection

60
Q

What happens if bands are above 0-3%

A

Very severe infection or cancer

61
Q

When do we take a culture and start antibiotics

A

Take culture before and then antibiotics to avoid false negatives.

Antibiotic moves into the blood. When you take a small sample for culture it will have the antibiotic next to the sample and the bacteria will not grow.

62
Q

Complications of Infection

A

Septicemia (Sepsis)

Chronic Infection

63
Q

Sepsis

A

Severe bacterial infection; life-threatening emergency (large quantity of microorganisms in the blood)

Uncontrolled and overwhelming inflammatory response (+++++ inflammatory cytokines)

64
Q

What do cytokines cause

A

generalized vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, intravascular fluid loss, myocardial depression, and circular shock

65
Q

What is SIR

A

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, leads to tissue damage, organ failure, death

66
Q

SIRS manifestations

A

Fever (over 38 C)

Increased HR (over 90 beats/min)

Increase RR (first indicator); hypo perfusion could cause lactic acid; infection of the lungs

WBCs (Macrophages-cytokines-increased white cells neutrophils followed by moncytes; Leukocytosis (above 12, 000)

67
Q

What is another word for a micro-organism

A

A causative agent

68
Q

What type of cells are viruses

A

Acellular, cannot reproduce on own

69
Q

What type of cells are parasites

A

Eukaryotic: Protozoa (unicellular), Metazoa (Multicellular)

70
Q

What type of cells are Fungi

A

Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic: yeast (unicellular), molds (multicellular)

71
Q

What types of cells are Prions

A

Proteins

72
Q

Potential sources of pathogenic microorganisms

A

1) Exogenous (from outside) ex. eating or inhaling

2) Endogenous
- Normal (resident) flora
- Carriers

73
Q

Explain how normal flora can be a potential source of pathogeny

A

Cause infection when they dislocate/change location

74
Q

Explain a carrier as a source of pathogeny

A

A person who harbours a bacteria that shouldn’t be in that area, but not causing infection or showing symptoms.

It can still cause infection for someone else.

Common for MRSA.

75
Q

Principles of infection

A

Infection, endemic, epidemic

76
Q

Chain of infection

A

1) Infectious agent
2) Reservoir
3) Portal of exit
4) Mean of transmission
5) Portal of entry
6) Susceptible host

77
Q

What are reservoirs

A

people, water, food, environment, carrier

78
Q

What are portals of exit

A

Excretions, secretions, skin

79
Q

What are the means of transmission

A

1) Direct (touching lesion, sexual)
2) Indirect through intermediately such as hands, food, water, or format, bed linen, instrument
3) Droplet transmission
4) Aerosol/Airborne
5) Vector borne
6) Nosocomial infections

80
Q

Difference between droplet and aerosol transmission

A

Droplet = respiratory viruses, needs to be carrier on a droplet of secretions through mouth/saliva short distance to travel

Aerosol = don’t need droplet can travel further, harder to control

81
Q

Universal precautions/standard precautions

A

Considers that every single human is positive for these

ex. HPV/Hep B, HIV, Hep C (blood-borne processes transmitted through bodily secretions)

Don’t touch body fluids w/o gloves.
Watch out for blood splashes

Health & Healing (5 decks)

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