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EPH3021: (Public) Health Care Systems in EU > Case 1: building blocks of a health system: from theory to practice > Flashcards

Case 1: building blocks of a health system: from theory to practice Flashcards

1
Q

What is a system?

A

Interconnected set of elements that is organised in a way that achieves something.

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2
Q

What must a system consist of?

A
  1. elements
  2. interconnections
  3. fucntion/purpose
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of a health system?

A
  • are a means to an end
  • open systems
  • positive & negative feedback loops
  • static complexity
  • dynamic complexity
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4
Q

.

A

.

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5
Q

What is a health system?

A

Consists of organisations, institutions, resources & people whose primary purpose = improve health

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6
Q

What goals are health systems focused on?

A
  1. improving health of population
  2. responding to citizens’ expectations
  3. providing financial protection against costs of ill-health
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7
Q

Why is it important to classify EU health systems?

A
  1. rational way to label what is complex
  2. allows for international comparisons of characteristics & performance
  3. enables policy assessments & recommendations to be made
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8
Q

What does health systems economic and social sustainability rely on?

A
  1. policy makers ability to stress strengths of existing health system types
  2. overcoming their weaknesses in terms of equitable & timely access to care.
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9
Q

What are the 3 actors in the HC systems?

A
  • state
  • non-governmental actors
  • Market
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10
Q

What is the role of the EU in national health systems?

A
  • Member States chose for a hands-off policy on health systems in 1992
  • Now have cross-border care and economic reform (incl. healthcare)
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11
Q

Why are there different systems in different countries?

A
  • What the health issue are in country. E.g. in Europe much less attention to pandemics than now (health status)
  • Funding
  • Capacity
  • Values
  • Level of centralization
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12
Q

*What is vertical integration?

A

IC brings together services at different stages of care

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13
Q

How does the WHO framework describe health systems?

A

Describes health systems interms of 6 “building blocks”

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14
Q

What are the WHO building blocks?

A
  1. Service delivery
  2. health workforce
  3. health information systems
  4. medical products, vaccines & technologies
  5. financing
  6. leadership/governance
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15
Q

**What is the defintion of building block service delivery

WHO building block

A
  • comprehensive range of provided services, accessibility, coverage of a defined target population, continuity of care across networks, high quality and patient-centred care, active coordination, accountability and efficiency
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16
Q

List the characterisitcs of a good service delivery

WHO building blocks

A
  1. Comprehensiveness - health services for needs of population
  2. accessibility
  3. coverage - defined target population
  4. continuity -
  5. quality -
  6. Person-centeredness - services organized around person, not disease.
  7. coordination
  8. accountability & efficiency
17
Q

What is health workforce?

WHO building block

A

All people engaged in actions whose primary intent is to enhance health

18
Q

What is the purpose of health information systems?

WHO building block

A

Enable decision-makers at all levels of health system to identify problems & needs

19
Q

What are health information systems essential for?

WHO building block

A
  • health system policy development and implementation
  • governance and regulation,
  • health research
  • human resources development
  • health education
20
Q

What key functions does health infromation systems have?

WHO building block

A
  1. data generation
  2. compilation
  3. analysis and synthesis
  4. communication and use
21
Q

Explain access to essential medicines building block

WHO building block

A

ensures equal access to medical products, vaccines & technologies, etc.

22
Q

What is the building block health financing?

WHO building blocks

A
  • allocation of money to cover health needs of people
  • make funding available
  • set financial incentives to providers to make sure all individuals have access to effective PH & personal HC
23
Q

What does leadership & governance building block do?

WHO building blocks

A

Making sure strategic policy frameworks exist & are combined with:
- effective oversight
- coalition-building,
- regulation
- attention to system design
- accountability

24
Q

What are 2 types of indicators for measuring governance?

WHO building block

A
  • ruels based indicators
  • outcome based indicators
25
Q

What are strengths of the WHO building blocks framework?

A
  • tool for planning, funding, decisions & establishing priorities.
  • Useful reference point for national & global policymakers
  • identify indicators & measurements to monitor & evaluate systems
  • make easier to harmonize systems which can help get rid of large differences between MS in EU
26
Q

What are limitations of the WHO building blocks framework?

A
  • too static, not fully showing the complexity of health systems
  • All buidling blocks have some underlying factor that has nothing to do with HC system. e.g. workforce qualitifcation more linked to education system
  • Community organisations, societal partnerships, household production of health & information systems often NOT seen as part of the health system.
27
Q

How can we montior & evaluate health systems strengthening?

A

See pages

28
Q

What are health indicators for the performance of HC systems?

A
  • health of the population
  • Life expectancy at birth
  • Total expenditure on health
  • mortality rate
  • infant mortality rate
  • life expectancy
29
Q

What are economic indicators for the performance of HC systems?

A
  • HC expenditures per capita, HC expenditure as a percentage of GDP
  • satisfaction with health care
30
Q

Explain how to combine a tax-based & insruance based system? (Hybrid health system model)

A
  • Multiple subsystems need to be governed centrally by providing right incentives for desired stakeholder behaviour.
  • Tax- and insurance-based approaches can be combined in one system to assure efficiency, equity and quality.

See picture in pages

31
Q

Why is it important to analyse health systems?

A
  • Needed to understand how the public health system functioning
  • Compares the system to its past performance
  • Compares the system to those in other countries
  • Lessons drawing and system improvement
32
Q

Which building blocks is access to essential medicines linked with?

A

Monitoring access to essential medicines is linked with service delivery & governance

33
Q

What is vertical intervention?

A

funding targets specific interventions & outcomes

34
Q

What is horizontal intervention?

A

focuses on funding to strengthen health system more broadly

35
Q
A

EPH3021: (Public) Health Care Systems in EU (7 decks)

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