Module 3 Biology & Neuroscience - Daniel

Question 1

Cells of nervous system

Answer 1

Neurons/Glial cells

Question 2

Role/function of Neuron

Answer 2

Neurons are information messengers. They use electrical and chemical signals to send information between different areas of the brain, as well as between the brain, the spinal cord, and the entire body

Question 3

Role/function of Glial cell

Answer 3

Glial cells provide necessary support and connection to protect neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system also responsible for bring vital nutrients and removal of waste

Question 4

Strucure of neuron

Answer 4

3 main components that comprise neuron structure include dendrites, an axon, and a cell body or soma

Question 5

The synapse

Answer 5

Located on the dendrites the synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell

Question 6

Electrochemical signals

Answer 6

Neurons send what are known as electrochemical signals. Once a neuron has been stimulated by some sort of stimulus, it generates an electric potential that travels down the length of the cell

Question 7

Action potentials

Answer 7

a temporary shift (from negative to positive) in the neuron’s membrane potential caused by ions suddenly flowing in and out of the neuron

Question 8

Neurotransmitters

Answer 8

carry chemical signals (“messages”) from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell. The next target cell can be another nerve cell, a muscle cell or a gland

Question 9

CNS vs PNS

Answer 9

CNS consists of only two organs (brain and spinal cord) PNS consists of everything else including nerves that travel to and from spinal cord to brain

Question 10

Somatic Nervous system

Answer 10

A Voluntary division of the PNS that contains neurons and nerves that control the muscles for voluntary movement from the body to the brain - system includes nerves that connect to muscles and joints in neck, legs, arms, torso

Question 11

Autonomic Nervous system

Answer 11

An Automatic subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that is below the level of conciseness and regulate all the automatic functions that keep one alive and healthy

Question 12

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 12

(Fight or flight) - mainly consisting of neurons supporting cells in spinal cord, the sympathetic nervous system is a division of autonomic nervous system responsible for excitement Ie. increased heart rate, blood is pumped to muscles, narrowed vision etc

Question 13

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Answer 13

(Rest and digest system) - parasympathetic nervous system is a part of the automatic nervous system responsible for resting, digesting, arousal, and repairing the body located in lower brain and sacral spinal cord

Question 14

Medulla

Answer 14

Lowest anatomical portion of the brain and the transition point between the brain and the spinal cord. Medulla is responsible for basic function regulation such as breath, heartbeat, awareness level etc.

Question 15

pons

Answer 15

Receives information directly from the medulla for processing - more specially the regulation of arousal or level of excitement/energy

Question 16

Reticular formation

Answer 16

Networks of neurons that span the medulla and pons bridging the functions of the body and brain via connection with spinal cord and thalamus - Responsible for regulating level of arousal and focus of our attention on tasks, people, or objects

Question 17

cerebellum

Answer 17

Located behind the spinal cord in the back of the brain it is a vital component in humans responsible for motor movement, regulation, voluntary muscle activity (only), and balance control

Question 18

Forebrain

Question 19

Thalamus

Answer 19

Body information’s relay, all information from senses (except smell) must be processed through thalamus before being sent to your brains cerebral cortex for interpretation

Question 20

Limbic System

Answer 20

Network of neurons and glia responsible for regulating emotion’s, endocrine system and formation of emotional memories, contains prefrontal cortex, olfactory cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus

Question 21

Cerebrum

Answer 21

Largest part of brain subdivided into 4 components (Frontal, Parietal, temporal, occipital)

Question 22

2 cerebrum hemispheres

Answer 22

Left hemisphere - speech, comprehension, arithmetic, writing
Right hemisphere controls spatial ability, artistic and musical skills

Question 23

Endocrine system

Answer 23

made up of up all the body’s different horomones, and regulates all biological processes in the body from conception to adulthood

Question 24

HPA axis

Question 25

Soma

Answer 25

Cell body of a neuron

Question 26

Axon

Answer 26

Nerve fibre that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body

Question 27

Dendrites

Answer 27

Where the synapse lies, a tree branch like structure where neurons receive input from other cells

Question 28

Nucleus

Answer 28

Found in soma necessary for the coded production of proteins within the cell

Question 29

Axon terminal

Answer 29

Bottom like endings of axons where synaptic contact occurs with other nerve cells or effector cells

Question 30

Nodes

Answer 30

Short specialized regions in the axonal membrane that are not insulated by myelin that allow for the generation of fast electrical impulse along the axon

Question 31

Myelin Sheath

Answer 31

Allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along nerve cells

Question 32

Schwann cell

Answer 32

Maintenance cells responsible for regeneration of the motor and sensory neurons of the PNS

Question 33

The frontal lobe is

Answer 33

Responsible for voluntary movement, expressive language, and managing higher level executive functions

Question 34

The Parietal Lobe is

Answer 34

Vital for sensory perception and integration, including taste hearing, sight, touch and smell

Question 35

The Occipital lobe is

Answer 35

Rear most lobe of the brain responsible for visual perception including colour, form and motion

Question 36

The Temporal lobe is

Answer 36

Parr of brain that helps you use your senses to understand and respond to world around you, also vital for memory recall, language and processing emotions

Question 37

Hippocampus

Answer 37

Responsible for formation of new memories

Question 37

Hypothalamus

Answer 37

Area of the brain that produce hormones that control body temp, heart rate, hunger, and mood

Question 37

Amygdala

Answer 37

Receives sensory input from all senses to make calculations about emotional value and intensity of a stimulus

Question 38

corpus callosum

Answer 38

thick bundle of fibers whose purpose is to connect the two hemispheres and allowing information to be shared.