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BAK > Navigation > Flashcards

Navigation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the shape of the Earth?

A

Oblate spheroid

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2
Q

What is the diameter of the Earth?

A

12,742 km

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3
Q

What is latitude?

A

The measure of position relative to the equator (horizontal)

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4
Q

What is longitude?

A

The measure of position relative to the prime meridian (vertical)

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5
Q

What is a great circle?

A

The largest possible circle that can be drawn around a sphere.

The centre of a great circle is in the centre of the sphere.

If you were to cut the earth along a great circle you would cut it in half.

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6
Q

Where do all meridians converge?

A

The North Geographic Pole (True North) and South Geographic Pole

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7
Q

What is Magnetic North?

A

A region near the North Geographic Pole from which magnetic flux lines emanate.

Simple magnetic compasses orient to magnetic north.

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8
Q

What is the angular variation between the North Magnetic Pole (Magnetic North) and the North Geographic Pole (True North) known as?

A

Magnetic variance.

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9
Q

True or False. Regardless of an aircraft’s position, magnetic variance is always the same.

A

False.

Magnetic variance will differ depending on an aircraft’s location.

Lines of magnetic variance are depicted on aeronautical charts.

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10
Q

What factors must a pilot account for in simple navigation?

A
  • Magnetic variation
  • Wind
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11
Q

Will the magnetic direction be less (i.e. a smaller angle) than the equivalent true direction when the Magnetic Variation in the region of a flight is depicted as ‘degrees west’?

A

No.

Magnetic direction will be less than True direction when the magnetic variation is depicted as degrees EAST.

Converting True Direction to Magnetic Direction can be made easy with the phrase “Variation East, Magnetic Least”.

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12
Q

What is relative bearing?

A

The angular difference of a position with reference to the heading (or nose) of the aircraft.

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13
Q

Explain the three types of airspeed.

A

Indicated Air Speed (IAS): the speed that the pilot sees in the cockpit on their airspeed indicator. This is calibrated to standard atmospheric conditions.

True Air Speed (TAS): the actual speed that the aircraft is travelling through the air. This value will be different to IAS because of air density and also, as with any mechanical device, there may be small inaccuracies due to the aircraft’s equipment.

Ground Air Speed (G/S): will help the pilot determine how
long it is going to take from their departure point to their destination which will then help them calculate how much fuel they will need. The difference between TAS and G/S is wind.

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14
Q

What is a mach number?

A

A ratio obtained by dividing the TAS of an aircraft by the Local Speed of Sound (LSoS)

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15
Q

Define Sunrise

A

When the top of the sun appears above the horizon

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16
Q

Define Sunset

A

When the sun dips below the horizon

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17
Q

What is the period between sunrise or sunset and the sun being 6 degrees below the horizon known as?

A

Morning and Evening Civil Twilight

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18
Q

What is daylight?

A

The period between morning civil twilight and evening civil twilight

19
Q

What angle does the Earth sit at?

A

23.5 degrees

20
Q

List some Arc to Time ratios

A

12 hours = 180 degrees
1 hour = 15 degrees

21
Q

What shape does the Mercator projection use?

A

Cylinder

22
Q

What shape does the Lambert Conformal use?

A

Conical

23
Q

What is the Mercator projection useful for?

A

Representing the whole planet on one piece of paper.

24
Q

What are the disadvantages of the Mercator projection?

A

The accuracy as you move further away from the equator is extremely poor, or rather the inaccuracy and distortion is high.

25
Q

How does a transverse mercator projection work?

A

If you want to present a map accurately from a different place on the globe, you can just rotate the cylinder around the globe and have it touch the point where you want it to represent.

26
Q

What kind of charts utilise a transverse mercator projection?

A

Visual Terminal Charts (VTC)

27
Q

Advantage of Lambert Conformal?

A

The cone can be maneuvered so the paper touching the globe is placed on the area you want to accurately represent.

28
Q

What kind of charts use the Lambert Conformal method?

A

World Aeronautical Charts

29
Q

Provide key details (scale, projection, use, key inclusions/exclusions) of a World Aeronautical Chart (WAC)

A

Projection: Lambert Conformal
Scale: 1:1,000,000

Used for visual flying.
Contains topographical information, airports and nav aids.

Does not portray any air routes or airspace boundaries.

30
Q

Provide key details (scale, projection, use, key inclusions/exclusions) of an Enroute Chart (ERC)

A

Projection: Lambert Conformal
Scale: Various

Used for instrument flying. May be for either high or low level air routes (ERC HIGH or ERC LOW).

Contains detailed information on published air routes. Details include magnetic tracks, distances and lowest safe altitudes. These charts also include airports, nav aids, airspace boundaries and frequency information.

ERC charts typically cover a wide area similar to those of WAC charts.

31
Q

Provide key details (scale, projection, use, key inclusions/exclusions) of a Visual Terminal Chart (VTC)

A

Projection: Transverse Mercator
Scale: 1:250,000

Used for visual flying.

Contains topographical information, airports, nav aids, airspace boundaries and frequency information focused on a particular airport’s immediate terminal area.

32
Q

Provide key details (scale, projection, use, key inclusions/exclusions) of a Departure Chart (SID)

A

Projection: Transverse Mercator
Scale: Variable

Used for instrument departures.

Contains illustration and narrative instructions for an aircraft to get from the departure runway to the enroute phase of the flight. Included are routes, waypoints and procedures that provide aircraft adequate obstacle clearance and strategic separation.

33
Q

Provide key details (scale, projection, use, key inclusions/exclusions) of an Approach Chart (STAR Chart)

A

Projection: Transverse Mercator
Scale: Variable

Used for instrument arrivals.

Contains illustration and narrative instructions for an aircraft to get from the enroute phase of the flight to the initial approach fix, in order to begin an Instrument Approach.

Included
are routes, waypoints and procedures that provide aircraft adequate obstacle clearance and strategic separation.

34
Q

Provide key details (scale, projection, use, key inclusions/exclusions) of a Landing Chart (Instrument Approach Chart)

A

Projection: Transverse Mercator
Scale: Variable

Used for instrument approaches.

Contains illustration and narrative instructions for an aircraft to get from an initial position fix to the arrival runway.

Included are key waypoints and altitudes that provide aircraft adequate obstacle clearance and strategic separation.

35
Q

What is track?

A

The path of the aircraft

36
Q

What is heading?

A

The direction of the nose of the aircraft

37
Q

What is the drift angle?

A

The difference between the flight plan track and the track made good of an aircraft due to wind.

38
Q

What is the wind correction angle?

A

The angle between the course and the heading that is required for the aircraft to track that course when there is wind.

Should be equivalent to the drift angle

39
Q

What is dead reckoning?

A

A means of approximating position, using the relationship between direction, distance, time and speed.

The process is based on the principle that if you know how fast your aircraft is moving, and how long you have held a particular heading, you can calculate where your approximate position should
be.

A comparison of this expected position to a visual navigation chart is then used to confirm a more accurate position.

40
Q

What is the one in sixty rule?

A

A rule of thumb that states that for each degree of drift over 60 nautical miles, the aircraft will be 1 nautical mile off course.

41
Q

What is a non directional beacon (NDB)?

A

A ground based, powered transmitter that emits a signal into the atmosphere.

If an aircraft is within the range of the signal emitted from the NDB, an instrument in the aircraft called an Automatic Directional Finder (ADF) can interpret the signal.

When it is dialled in to the same frequency as the NDB, the ADF will point towards the NDB.

42
Q

What is VHF Omni Range (VOR)?

A

A station on the ground that emits signals in all directions, called radials.

It uses the VHF radio band and usually has a better range than an NDB.

Inside the aircraft, a pilot dials the radial of the VOR station and a needle in the instrument centres itself once it gets closer to the selected radial.

The indications on a VOR are not dependant on the heading of the aircraft. This means that the reading on the VOR, and relative position of the aircraft will not be affected by the direction the aircraft is facing.

43
Q

How does Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) work?

A

Requires both a ground station and equipment in the aircraft for it to work.

The airborne equipment sends an interrogation signal to the ground station and the ground station replies. The airborne equipment calculates the distance based on the time it took for the signal to be transmitted and received.

The DME distance is the direct line of sight distance,
or slant distance, between the aircraft and the ground station.

The range is dependant on the terrain around the ground station and the power of the DME station and airborne equipment.

BAK (6 decks)

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