Respiration

Question 1

The need for oxygen

Answer 1

All plant and animal cells require oxygen for survival through the process of aerobic cellular respiration.

Question 2

Aerobic cellular repiration

Answer 2

Process of using oxygen to obtain energy from food through various chemical reactions

Question 3

basic equation

Answer 3

basic equation to release energy required for life is:

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ 🡪 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy
Glucose +Oxygen 🡪 Carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)

64% of energy is thermal energy : maintains body temperature
The remaining 36% is stored energy

Question 4

HOW DOES OXYGEN GET TO OUR CELLS?

Answer 4

Gas Exchange : oxygen diffuses into cells, while carbon dioxide diffuses out

In simple organisms, this happens directly through cell membranes/ skin to/from (i.e. Jelly Fish)

Question 5

how does oxygen get to our cells in humans

Answer 5

Humans contain many cells that do not directly contact the environment around us (air)

Cannot use mechanisms of simple organisms
Solution: specialized organ systems to supply O₂ and remove CO₂ waste

Gas Exchange occurs in two locations:
- lungs
- body cells

Question 6

RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES

Answer 6

There are 4 key structural features of the respiratory system:
- A thin permeable respiratory membrane: for diffusion
- A large surface area: for gas exchange
- A good blood supply: carries blood
- A breathing system/path to bring oxygen rich air to the system

Without all four of these features, the system cannot function

Question 7

INHALATION: 1) NOSE AND MOUTH

Answer 7

To prevent damage to thin and delicate respiratory membrane:
- Air is warmed and moistened
- Nasal hairs and mucus filter and trap dust and other particles

Question 8

INHALATION – UPPER TRACT

Answer 8

2) Pharynx (back of throat)
3) Glottis: opening to trachea

4) Trachea: tube connecting mouth to lungs

Question 9

Trachea structural features

Answer 9

• C-shaped cartilage rings: semi-rigid and open trachea
• Mucus Cells: sticky mucus to trap foreign particles
• Cilia: hair-like projections on cells to sweep trapped material upward to be swallowed, coughed, or sneezed

Question 10

TO THE LUNGS

Answer 10

• The trachea branches into two bronchi
• The bronchi then branch off into smaller tubes called the bronchioles
• These tubes end in small sacs called the alveoli which are surrounded by a network of capillaries
• Each alveolus is tiny, and is surrounded by a bed of even tinier capillaries

Question 11

Lungs

Answer 11

he major organs of the respiratory system: Two Lungs
provide the:
- thin respiratory membrane
- large surface area
- supply of blood required
contained within thoracic cavity: Rib cage provides protection

Question 12

ALVEOLI

Answer 12

• The large number of alveoli allow for maximum surface area for gas exchange
• facilitated by the warm, moist and extremely thin membrane they are made of
• allows for easy diffusion of gases across the membrane and into the blood

Question 13

gas exchange in lung

Answer 13

• occcurs in lung and body cell
• oxygen diffuses from the air into the bloodstream where it is transported by red blood cells to the cells and tissues that make up the body

Question 14

gas excange in tissue

Answer 14

• The cells of all tissues are surrounded by interstitial fluid
• Oxygen will diffuse out of the blood into this fluid
• Then from the fluid into the cells
• At the same time carbon dioxide is transported, but in reverse, out of the body

Question 15

GAS EXCHANGE VS. VENTILATION

Answer 15

• Gas Exchange: process of gases diffusing in and out of tissues with their concentration gradient (inside)
• Ventilation: process of moving oxygen-rich air to the lungs and carbon dioxide- rich air away from the lungs in complex organisms (outside)

Question 16

VENTILATION

Answer 16

• apart of thoracic cavity
• bringing oxygen-rich air to the respiratory membrane
• based on air pressure in the lungs in comparison to the atmospheric pressure
• If Plungs > Patm, then air flow out of lungs
  If Plungs < Patm, then air flows into the lungs

Question 17

Ventitaltion inhalation

Answer 17

• The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by diaphragm ( sheet of muscle)
• Inhale= diaphragm muscle contracts= shortens and flattens the muscle
• same time your external intercostal muscle between each rib contract which pulls the rib cage up and out

Result: increases volume(space) of the thoracic cavity, which decreases pressure
🡪air rushes in

Question 18

Ventilation exchalation

Answer 18

• Exhale the opposite happens
• Diaphragm relaxes: lengthens and raises the muscle
• External intercostal muscle between each rib relaxes which pulls the rib cage in and down
• Result: decrease the volume and increase the pressure of the thoracic cavity 🡪 air pushed out

Question 19

PROTECTION OF THE LUNGS

Answer 19

• constant movement of the lungs could cause problems due to the friction on the delicate tissue
• pleural membranes cover the lungs and line the thoracic cavity
• It is filled with fluid which acts like a lubricant

Question 20

STORING ENERGY

Answer 20

• Glucose molecules break down releasing energy
• Phosphorylation: a phosphate is added to a molecule (adenosine diphosphate [ADP])
• Energy is stored as Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 21

new chemical equation

Answer 21

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 36 ADP + 36 Pi 🡪 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 36 ATP + thermal energy
- Cells can then use ATP to power all other functions