Group Dynamics Ch 4

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

The configuration of distinctive but enduring dispositional characteristics, including traits, temperament, and values, that characterize an individual’s responses across situations.

Question 2

Five-factor model (FFM, or big five theory)

Answer 2

A conceptual model of the primary
dimensions that underlie individual differences in personality; the five dimensions are extraversion, agreeableness,
conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience; different theorists sometimes use different labels.

Question 3

Extraversion

Answer 3

The degree to which an individual tends
to seek out social contacts. Including having such related qualities as outgoing, enthusiastic, energetic and assertive. Introverts are oriented primarily toward inner perceptions and judgments of concepts and ideas, whereas extraverts are oriented primarily
toward social experiences. It is a part of a personality trait theory.

Question 4

Shyness

Answer 4

The tendency to be reserved or timid during social interactions, usually coupled with feelings of discomfort and nervousness.

Question 5

Social anxiety

Answer 5

A feeling of apprehension and embarrassment experienced when anticipating or actually interacting with other people.

Question 6

Experience sampling

Answer 6

A research method that asks participants to record their thoughts, emotions, or behaviour at the time they are experiencing them rather than at a later time or date; in some cases, participants make their entries when they are signaled by researchers using electronic pagers, personal data assistants (PDAs), or similar devices.

Question 7

Social anxiety disorder ( or social phobia)

Answer 7

A persistent and pervasive pattern of overwhelming anxiety and self-consciousness experienced when anticipating or actually interacting with other people.

Question 8

Attachment style

Answer 8

One’s characteristic approach to
relationships with other people; the basic styles include
secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing, as defined by
the dimensions of anxiety and avoidance.

Question 9

Need for affiliation

Answer 9

A motivating state of tension that can be relieved by joining with other people, which frequently includes concerns about winning approval of other people.

Question 10

Need for intimacy

Answer 10

A motivating state of tension that can be relieved by seeking out warm, positive relationships with others.

Question 11

Need for power

Answer 11

A motivating state of tension thar can be relieved by gaining control over other people and one’s environment.

Question 12

Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO)

Answer 12

A theory of group formation and development
proposed by William Schutz that emphasizes compatibility among three basic social motives: inclusion, control,
and affection.

Question 13

Relationality

Answer 13

The degree to which one’s values, attitudes, and outlooks emphasize, and facilitate establishing
and maintaining, connections to others.

Question 14

Collaborative circle

Answer 14

A relatively small group of peers who work together for an extended period of time, exchanging ideas for commentary and critique and developing a shared conception of what their methods and goals should be.

Question 15

Social movement

Answer 15

A collective movement making a
deliberate, sustained, and organized attempt to achieve a change or
resist a change in a social system. Movements are sustained by individuals who may share a common outlook on issues or by members of identifiable social groups or categories, but not by businesses, political organizations, or governments.

Question 16

Affiliation

Answer 16

The gathering together of individuals (typically members of the same species) in one location; also, a formalized relationship, as when an individual is said to be affiliated with a group or organization.

Question 17

Social comparison

Answer 17

Evaluating the accuracy of personal
beliefs and attitudes by comparing oneself to others. The process of contrasting one’s personal qualities and outcomes, including beliefs, attitudes, values, abilities, accomplishments, and experiences, to those of other people.

Question 18

Social support

Answer 18

A sense of belonging, emotional support, advice, guidance, tangible assistance, and perspective provided by groups when members experience stress, daily hassles, and more significant life crises

Question 19

Downward social comparison

Answer 19

Selecting people who are less well off as targets for social comparison (rather than individuals who are similar or superior to oneself or one’s outcomes.

Question 20

Upward social comparison

Answer 20

Selecting people who are superior to oneself or whose outcomes surpass one’s own as targets for social comparison.

Question 21

Self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) model

Answer 21

A theory
proposed by Abraham Tesser which assumes that individuals maintain and enhance self-esteem by associating
with high-achieving individuals who excel in areas that
are not relevant to their own sense of self-esteem and
avoiding association with high-achieving individuals
who excel in areas that are important to their sense of
self-esteem.

Question 22

Social comparison orientation

Answer 22

The dispositional tendency to compare oneself to others.

Question 23

Proximity principle

Answer 23

The tendency for individuals to form interpersonal relations with those who are close by; also known as the “principle of propinquity.”

Question 24

Elaboration principle

Answer 24

The tendency for groups to ex

Question 25

Similarity principle

Answer 25

The tendency to affiliate with or be
attracted to similar others; this tendency causes groups and
other interpersonal aggregates to be composed of individuals who are similar (homogonous) to one another rather than dissimilar (diverse)

Question 26

Homophily

Answer 26

“Love of the same.” The tendency for group members to display
certain affinities, such as similarities in demographic
background, attitudes, values, or so on; the overall degree of similarity of individuals within the same group. Generally expressed informally as “birds of a feather flock together.”

Question 27

Complementarity principle

Answer 27

The tendency for group
members to like people who are dissimilar to them in
ways that complement their personal qualities. Opposites attracting and those who are dissimilar complimenting one another.

Question 28

Interchange compatibility

Answer 28

As described by William
Schutz, compatibility between group members based on
their similar needs for inclusion, control, and affection.

Question 29

Originator compatibility

Answer 29

As described by William
Schutz, compatibility between group members that occurs when individuals who wish to express inclusion,
control, or affection within the group are matched with
individuals who wish to receive inclusion, control, or
affection from others.

Question 30

Reciprocity principle

Answer 30

The tendency for liking to be met
with liking in return; if A likes B then B will tend to like A.

Question 31

Minimax principle

Answer 31

The tendency to prefer relationships and group memberships that provide the maximum
number of valued rewards and incur the fewest number
of possible costs.

Question 32

Comparison level (CL)

Answer 32

) In John Thibaut and Harold
Kelley’s social exchange theory, the standard by which
the individual evaluates the quality of any social relationship. In most cases, individuals whose prior relationships
yielded positive rewards with few costs will have higher
CLs than those who experienced fewer rewards and
more costs in prior relationships.