Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Question 1

What are the 3 unique features of angiosperms life cycles?

Answer 1

• flowers
• double fertilization
• fruits

Question 2

the reproductive shoots of sporophytes

Answer 2

flowers

Question 3

What are some keys parts to flower formation?

Answer 3

• from shoot apical meristem to floral meristem
• from vegetative to reproductive growth
• stops primary growth
• flowers appear synchronously
• ABC hypothesis

Question 4

What are some important things to know about the synchronicity of flowers?

Answer 4

• promotes out-breeding
• triggered by environmental and internal cues
• regulated by floral identity genes

Question 5

explains the formation of floral organs through 3 classes of genes

Answer 5

ABC hypothesis

Question 6

What are the 4 main organs of flowers?

Answer 6

1.) sepal
2.) petal
3.) stamen
4.) carpel

Question 7

What are the female and male counterparts of flower organs?

Answer 7

male: stamen
female: carpel

Question 8

What are the steps to the development of the embryo sac?

Answer 8

1.) megasporangium develops in the ovule
2. megasporangium undergoes meiosis
3.) 4 haploid megaspores are produced
4.) 1 megaspore survives and divides 3 times
5.) large cell is produced with 8 haploid nuclei

Question 9

male gametophytes

Answer 9

pollen grains

Question 10

What do pollen grains develop from?

Answer 10

haploid microspores

Question 11

Where are haploid microspores produced from?

Answer 11

within the microsporangia of anthers

Question 12

What do pollen consist of?

Answer 12

two-celled male gametophyte and spore wall

Question 13

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

Answer 13

pollination

Question 14

What do pollen grains produce?

Answer 14

pollen tubes

Question 15

When one sperm fertilizes the egg, _____ ____ is produced.

Answer 15

diploid zygote

Question 16

When one sperm combines with polar nuclei, _____ ____-___ _____ is produced.

Answer 16

triploid food-storing endosperm

Question 17

seed stops growing and slows metabolism

Answer 17

dormancy

Question 18

What are some environmental cues to break dormancy?

Answer 18

• temperature changes
• lighting changes
• fire
• extended cold
• substantial rainfall
• chemical attack

Question 19

extended time of dormancy full of ungerminated seeds

Answer 19

seed bank

Question 20

How long can dormancy last?

Answer 20

days, decades, or longer

Question 21

How can angiosperm produce?

Answer 21

sexually, asexually, or both

Question 22

genetically variable offspring

Answer 22

sexual reproduction

Question 23

genetic clones

Answer 23

asexual reproduction

Question 24

What are the 3 mechanisms of asexual reproduction?

Answer 24

1.) fragmentation
2.) root system
3.) apomixis

Question 25

separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants

Answer 25

fragmentation

Question 26

asexual reproduction of seeds from a diploid cell

Answer 26

apomixis

Question 27

What are the benefits of asexual reproduction?

Answer 27

• no need for a pollinator
• all of parent’s genes passed on intact
• strong progeny

Question 28

What are the costs of asexual reproduction?

Answer 28

• clones are vulnerable to local extinction

Question 29

What are the benefits of sexual reproduction?

Answer 29

• produces an enormous amount of seeds
• generates genetic variation
• facilitates dispersal
• seed dormancy is advantageous

Question 30

What are the costs of sexual reproduction?

Answer 30

• only half of parental genes are passed on
• only a fraction of seedlings survive

Question 31

What does self-fertilization do?

Answer 31

ensures every ovule develops into a seed

Question 32

What is the downside to self-fertilization?

Answer 32

inbreeding

Question 33

What are the 3 mechanisms to avoid selfing?

Answer 33

1.) dioecy
2.) incompatible carpels, stamens
3.) self-incompatibility genes

Question 34

male or female flowers on different individuals

Answer 34

dioecy

Question 35

recognition of self pollen triggers a block in pollen tube growth

Answer 35

self-incompatibility genes