4.2 Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the first step in transcription?

A

The length of DNA that is going to be transcribed onto an RNA molecule is called the transcription unit. A transcription unit will be preceded by a sequence of bases- a promoter- called the TATA box (TATAAAA).

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2
Q

what is the second step in transcription?

A

A promoter initiates transcription, and the TATA box helps the enzyme figure out where to bind to the strand.

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3
Q

what is the third step in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase moves downstream (3’ -> 5’) from the TATA box, breaking down the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases

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4
Q

what is the fourth step in transcription?

A

Free RNA nucleotides are attracted to the exposed complimentary DNA bases.
a) C matches G and G matches C
b) U matches A and A matches T

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5
Q

what is the fifth step in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase joins the RNA nucleotides together, forming pre-mRNA

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6
Q

what is the sixth step in transcription?

A

The DNA behind the RNA polymerase re-joins into a double helix

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7
Q

what is the seventh step in transcription?

A

When the RNA polymerase reaches a “stop” codon/termination signal, the chain is terminated, and the pre-mRNA detaches

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8
Q

what is the eighth step in transcription?

A

A 5’ cap is added to the pre-MRNA, alongside the poly-A tail (250 adenines). These make it easier for the mRNA to leave the nucleus and help protect it from degradation from passing enzymes.

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9
Q

what is the ninth step in transcription?

A

Splicing of pre-mRNA occurs, forming mRNA. This mRNA moves out of the nucleus

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10
Q

what is the first step in translation?

A

mRNA attaches to the ribosome at the “start” codon – AUG

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11
Q

what is the second step in translation?

A

tRNA with a complementary anticodon attaches to the mRNA – UAC. This tRNA is attached to an amino acid – methionine

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12
Q

what is the third step in translation?

A

A secondary tRNA molecule, with the complimentary anticodon for the next codon onwards attaches to the mRNA

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13
Q

what is the fourth step in translation?

A

The ribosome moves along the mRNA bringing together 2 tRNA molecules at any one time.

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14
Q

what is the fifth step in translation?

A

The enzyme peptidyl transferase and ATP are used to join the amino acids with a peptide bond.

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15
Q

what is the sixth step in translation?

A

A third tRNA molecule attaches to the mRNA whilst the first tRNA is released and can collect another amino acid from the amino acid pool in the cell.

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16
Q

what is the seventh step in translation?

A

The process is repeated until a “stop” codon is reached.

17
Q

what is the eighth step in translation?

A

Many ribosomes can travel along the mRNA at the same time – polysome