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AP Psych > AP Psych Unit 4 > Flashcards

AP Psych Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Raw data, information from our five senses. The source is our sensory receptors (bottom-up)

A

Sensation

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2
Q

The process of interpreting the information that we obtained through our five senses. (Top-down)

A

Perception

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3
Q

minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus (such as the sound of an approaching bike on sidewalk behind us) 50% of the time.

A

Absolute threshold

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4
Q

When, w/o our awareness, our sensory system processes stimulus below our absolute threshold.

A

Subliminal stimulation

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5
Q

The amount of change needed between two stimuli to be perceived by an individual

A

Difference threshold

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6
Q

Mental predisposition that functions as lens thru which we perceive the world.

A

Perceptual set

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7
Q

Influences our interpretation of stimuli based on our experiences, assumptions, and expectations. (Involves top-down processing)

A

Perceptual set

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8
Q

sensory analysis that begins at entry lvl. w/ starting at small units and going up to form a complete perception

A

Bottom-up processing

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9
Q

Information processing guided by high lvl. Mental processes such as when we construct perceptions by filtering info thru our experience and expectations

A

Top-down processing

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10
Q

Predicts how and when we will detect a faint stimulus amid background noise.

A

Signal theory

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11
Q

The principal that in order to perceive two different stimuli the difference must be by a constant percent, instead of a constant amount.

A

Weber’s Law

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12
Q

Phenomenon in which exposure to one stimulus influences how a person responds to a subsequent, related stimulus

A

Priming

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13
Q

Process of converting one form of energy into another.

A

Transduction

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14
Q

Our diminished sensitivity to constant or routine odors, sounds, and touches) focuses our attention on the informative changes in our environment. Allows us to focus on changing stimuli

A

Sensory adaptation

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15
Q

A collection of basic knowledge that guides the perception of a situation (ambiguous stimuli)

A

Schemas

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16
Q

Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not the other.

A

Perceptual set

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17
Q

Unique function of the brain that accounts for the differences viewed in the world, as it relates to the senses

A

Perceptual adaptation

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18
Q

a scientific discipline which examines human behavior and capabilities in order to find the best ways to design products, equipment and systems for maximum safe, effective, satisfying use by humans.

A

Human Factors Psychologists

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19
Q

The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition .

A

ESP

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20
Q

Study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

A

Parapsychology

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21
Q

Distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic (?’s) vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.

A

Wavelength

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22
Q

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as colors blue, green, etc.

A

Hue

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23
Q

Amt. of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. (?) is determined by the wave’s amplitude (height).

A

Intensity

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24
Q

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

A

Pupil

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25
Q

Ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. When you feel disgust or are about to answer no to question, your pupils constrict.

A

Iris

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26
Q

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

A

Lens

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27
Q

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

A

Retina

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28
Q

In sensation and perception, the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects in the retina

A

Rods

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29
Q

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or well-lit conditions. The (?) detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

A

Cones

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30
Q

Nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

A

Optic Nerve

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31
Q

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a (?) because no receptor cells are located there.

A

Blind spot

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32
Q

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster.

A

Fovea

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33
Q

The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.

A

Three color theory

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34
Q

The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.

A

Opponent-process theory

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35
Q

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.

A

Feature detectors

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36
Q

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.
Brain delegates the work of processing motion, form, depth, and color to different areas

A

Parallel processing

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37
Q

An organized whole. Psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes; imagining the panda bear and triangle out of circles

A

Gestalt

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38
Q

The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).

A

Figure-ground

39
Q

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. Proximity, Continuity, Closure

A

Grouping

40
Q

The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

A

Depth perception

41
Q

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.

A

Visual cliff

42
Q

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes.

A

Binocular cues

43
Q

A binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance– the greater the disparity between two images, the closer the object.

A

Retinal disparity

44
Q

Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.

A

Monocular cues

45
Q

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

A

Phi phenomenon

46
Q

Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change.

A

Perceptual constancy

47
Q

The ability to perceive an object as the same color, even when the brightness around the object changes.

A

Color constancy

48
Q

2 Equal-length lines topped w/ inward or outward pointing V’s

A

Muller-Lyer Illusion

49
Q

The bands of high and low pressure that travel outwards from the sound source

A

Sound wave

50
Q

The sense or act of hearing

A

Audition

51
Q

In auditory perception, identification of the direction of the sound source

A

Localization

52
Q

Whether a sound seems soft or loud

A

Loudness

53
Q

Sound waves or vibration input felt

A

Stimulus input

54
Q

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

A

Frequency

55
Q

The height of a sound wave, measured as the distance between the peak and the midpoint; related to the loudness of a sound

A

Amplitude

56
Q

A tone’s experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

A

Pitch

57
Q

Chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum in the cochlea’s oval window

A

Middle ear

58
Q

A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in inner ear, sound waves traveling thru (?) fluid trigger nerve impulses

A

Cochlea

59
Q

Innermost part of ear, containing cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

A

Inner ear

60
Q

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to auditory nerves; most common form of hearing loss (need cochlear implant)`

A

Nerve deafness

61
Q

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

A

Cochlear Implant

62
Q

In hearing, the theory that links pitch we hear w/ the place the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

A

Place theory

63
Q

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense pitch (also called temporal theory)

A

Frequency theory

64
Q

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The “gate” is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up to small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in the larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.

A

Gate-control theory

65
Q

The sense of smell

A

Olfaction

66
Q

Specialized cells in nose that detect chemicals floating in the air, located at the top of the nasal cavity

A

Olfactory receptor cells

67
Q

The tube-shaped structure at lower front of the brain that receives signals from the olfactory receptor cells

A

Olfactory bulb

68
Q

Part of the brain that processes info abt. smell; located at lower edges of the frontal and temporal lobes

A

Olfactory cortex

69
Q

Our movement sense - our system for sensing the position and the movement of individual body parts (located in muscles)

A

Kinesthesia

70
Q

Our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance

A

Vestibular sense

71
Q

Specialized cells in the sensory systems that can capture energy or info from a stimulus and covert that info into neural impulses

A

Sensory receptors

72
Q

Bumps on the surface of the tongue; each containing 200 taste buds

A

Papillae

73
Q

Complex structure inside tongue papillae, each containing 50 to 100 taste receptor cells

A

Taste buds

74
Q

Specialized cells within a taste bud that detects a particular type of chemical in food and send taste messages to the brain

A

Taste receptor cells

75
Q

Basic flavors that are generated by a single type of taste receptor; sweet, salty, sour, bitter, unami (savory)

A

Taste sensation

76
Q

The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste.

A

Sensory interaction

77
Q

Influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preference and judgements,

A

Embodied cognition

78
Q

Shell-shaped part of the outer ear that captures sound waves and concentrates them into the ear canal

A

Pinna

79
Q

The thin flap of skin at the end of the ear canal

A

Tympanic membrane

80
Q

The pathway from the outer ear to the middle ear

A

External auditory canal

81
Q

The nerve connecting the inner ear with the brain and carrying nerve impulses concerned with hearing and balance

A

Auditory nerve

82
Q

Monocular cue of when one object partially covers another object

A

Interposition

83
Q

An electrical signal that carries a message along an axon

A

Nerve impulses

84
Q

Main relay center in the brain for sensory information on their way to the proccessing areas in the cortex

A

Thalamus

85
Q

Damage caused by exposing hair cells to excessively loud sounds

A

Stimulation deafness

86
Q

Motion sickness occurs bc vestibular system sensations don’t match sensations from the eyes and body

A

Sensory conflict theory

87
Q

When a stimulus is repeated the effectiveness of that stimulus is increasingly reduced

A

Habituation

88
Q

An impairment in the ability to recognize faces

A

Prosopagnosia

89
Q

The ability to perceive an object as the same size whether it’s closer or farther away from you

A

Size constancy

90
Q

The ability to perceive an object as the same shape, even when it’s viewed at different angles

A

Shape constancy

91
Q

The ability to perceive an object w/ the same brightness even when the light around you is different

A

Lightness constancy

92
Q

When a person is focused on certain stimuli over others

A

Selective attention

93
Q

When a person doesn’t notice change in their surroundings, especially when the change is somehow hidden.

A

Change blindness

94
Q

A disorder of the curvature of the cornea or lens that results in difficulty in seeing fine detail

A

Astigmatism

AP Psych (9 decks)

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