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geography one > hazardous earth > Flashcards

hazardous earth Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three circulation cells

A

feral, Hadley, polar

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2
Q

what are ocean currents

A

large bodies of water that transfer nutrients , salt and heat around the world

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3
Q

how do ocean currents transfer heat around the earth

A

solar radiation is absorbed by the water and is transferred through ocean currents

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4
Q

what is an example of ocean currents

A

the Gulf stream

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5
Q

why is the equator hotter than the poles

A

the equator is closer to the sun and therefore gets more solar radiation

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6
Q

what are the largest circulation cells

A

Hadley

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7
Q

explain Hadley cells’ roll in atmospheric circulation

A

at the equator, the warmer dense air rises and spreads out toward the poles gradually cooling and sinking as it moves. it then descends to the surface flowing back to the equator

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8
Q

what is the smallest circulation cell

A

polar

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9
Q

explain polar cells’ roll in atmospheric circulation

A

cold dense air, as it leaves polar regions it begins to warm and therefore rise returning to the poles at high levels

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10
Q

explain feral cells’ role in atmospheric circulation

A

transport heat from equator to poles and result in semi permanent areas of high and low pressure

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11
Q

explain Global atmospheric circulation

A

global circulation redistributes the heat that collects near the equator

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12
Q

how does global atmospheric circulation determine areas of low pressure (high rainfall)

A

because feral cells flow in the opposite direction to polar and Hadley, where air rises less pressure is exerted on the ground creating unsettled weather

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13
Q

how does global atmospheric circulation determine areas of high pressure (clear weather)

A

where air descends, it exerts more pressure on the ground causing high pressure and therefore creating clear sunny weather

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14
Q

what are the four natural causes of climate change

A

volcanic activity, asteroid collision, sunspot theory, orbital change

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15
Q

explain the volcanic activity cause of natural climate change

A

an ash cloud blacking out the suns radiation, causing temperatures to drop and could influence glacials (cold periods)

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16
Q

explain the asteroid cause of natural climate change

A

when an asteroid hits earth, it releases ash and dust, blocking out the sun, cooling the atmosphere

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17
Q

explain the sunspot theory of natural climate change

A

when the sun develops sunspots, the rest of the sun has to work harder to make up for the lack of heat, this causes the temperature to raise more than it needs to warming up the atmosphere

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18
Q

explain the orbital change cause of natural climate change

A

every 100,000 years the distance between the earth and the sun changes, circular orbits is where the distance between the sun and earth is the same. when this changes, the distance is different and therefore temperature and seasons were different

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18
Q

explain how tree rings provide evidence for climate change

A

each ring in a tree is one year of growth. if the tree has more space between the rings it means there has been more growth within one year meaning temperatures were warmer. if less space between rings means there was a colder period

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19
Q

what is some evidence for climate change

A

ice cores, tree rings, historical sources

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19
Q

explain ice cores and how they provide evidence for climate change

A

during a cold period, snow is heavier and therefore any gas bubbles in ice gets compressed. during a warmer period, where the snow is lighter means bubbles will not get compressed

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19
Q

explain how historical sources provide evidence for climate change

A

newspaper articles, photographs, paintings, diary entry’s - not as accurate as people may be bias or over exaggerate

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20
Q

what is the enhanced greenhouse effect

A

when human activity increases the amount of co2 and methane in the atmosphere rising global temperature

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21
Q

what human activities produce greenhouse gasses

A

industry, transport, energy, farming

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22
Q

what is some evidence that human activity caused climate change

A

sea levels rise, warming oceans, global temperature rise, declining arctic ice, extreme weather

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23
Q

what are the consequences on people concerning human activity

A
  • increased flooding
  • forest fires
  • more clothes - more factories - more co2
  • more methane gas release
  • more living space - Antarctica become habitable
  • increased tourism
  • less people dying from flu
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24
Q

what is a tropical cyclone

A

large scale rotating storms that form over the oceans in tropical areas

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25
Q

what is the distribution of cyclones

A
  • near/ around the equator
  • between tropic of cancer and Capricorn
  • Indian ocean
  • Caribbean
  • east and west Australia
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26
Q

explain the process of how tropical cyclones form

A
  • high temperatures cause air to rise away from the ocean surface
  • the rising air causes thunderstorms
  • these thunderstorms sometimes can group together
  • this creates a strong flow of warm rapidly rising air
  • producing an area of extreme low pressure in the centre of the storm
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27
Q

where is the fastest wind

A

the eye wall

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28
Q

how high do windspeeds need to be to be considered a cyclone

A

winds exceeding over 75 mph

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29
Q

how warm does the air above the ocean need to reach

A

26.5 degrees

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30
Q

how are cyclones measured

A

Saffir Simpson model

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31
Q

what does dissipate mean

A

to loose energy and weaken

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32
Q

what factors influence why some hurricanes are more intense than others

A
  • how warm the water is
  • how quickly moist air condenses
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33
Q

what are some factors determine weather a hurricane dissipates

A
  • if a hurricane moves over land
  • if it moves to cold water
  • meeting another weather system
34
Q

what are some hazards of cyclones

A
  • flash floods
  • extreme winds
  • torrential rain
  • storm surges
  • mudslides and landslides
35
Q

what are the impacts on people based on the hazards of cyclones

A
  • damage to property
  • water born diseases
  • tourism lost
  • injury
36
Q

what are the impacts on the environment based on the hazards of cyclones

A
  • trees uprooted and blown over
  • flooding - destroying trees, habitats
  • erode beaches
  • flooding on farms
37
Q

how are some countries more vulnerable economically than others

A
  • amount of money
  • ability to get into land
  • building quality
  • education levels
  • health of people
  • preparation
38
Q

how are some countries more vulnerable socially than others

A
  • age
  • population density
  • communication to rescue teams
39
Q

how are some countries more vulnerable physically than others

A
  • location
40
Q

what does relief mean

A

the height of land

41
Q

how do counteries prepare for and respond to tropical cyclones

A
  • weather forecasting
  • satellite tracking
  • storm surge defences
42
Q

explain how weather forecasting helps with the preparation and response for tropical cyclones

A
  • readings taken from buoys anchored in ocean for reading sea temperatures
  • tracking of windspeed
    this data can be added onto a computer program and can estimate the predicted paths
43
Q

explain how satellite tracking helps with the preparation and response of tropical cyclones

A

allows scientists to observe huge areas of ocean where they can spot formations of cyclones to put warnings in advance

44
Q

explain the details of the developed country you have studied as a case study for cyclones

A
  • 2005
  • USA
  • category 4/5
  • 6 meter storm surge
  • 1800 dead
  • costed 100 billion in damage
45
Q

explain the details of the emerging country you have studied as a case study for cyclones

A
  • 2013
  • Philippines
  • category 5
  • 5 meter storm surge
  • 7000 dead
  • costed 3 billion in damage
46
Q

how were people prepared for the Katerina hurricane

A
  • had good forecasting and tracking services
  • evacuation was ordered
  • Superdome was designated as a shelter
47
Q

how did the people respond toward the Katerina cyclone

A
  • the local government were criticised for not helping enough
  • people who were taken to Superdome were trapped with little supply of water and food
  • survivors of pooper areas were left for days before being rescued
  • FEMA were unprepared as there were many more people who needed help than they thought there would be.
48
Q

how were people prepared for the Haiyan hurricane

A
  • they were assisted by Japan to track the cyclone
  • people in areas that are in risk of flooding and landslides were evacuated to safer areas
  • military were ordered to send planes and helicopters to places most at risk
49
Q

how did the people respond toward the Haiyan hurricane

A
  • placed under a state of national calamity
  • major damage to airports meaning people couldn’t evacuate and help struggled to get into the country
  • areas were left isolated for days with no food or water
  • water pipes burst and sea water contaminated
50
Q

what are the earths layered structure

A

crust, asthenosphere, mantel, outer core, inner core

51
Q

what are the properties of the crust

A

solid rock, 0-50 km thick

52
Q

what is the asthenosphere

A

the upper layer of the mantel

53
Q

what are the properties of the mantel

A

molten rock, 2900 km, 3000 degrees

54
Q

what are the properties of the outer core

A

molten metal, 6400 km, 90% iron 10% sulphur

55
Q

what are the properties of the inner core

A

solid metal, 50000 degrees, nickel and iron

56
Q

what is a convection current

A

the movement of the earths plates because of the movement of magma in the mantel

57
Q

explain the process of a convection current

A

magma near the core of the earth is extremely hot and therefore rises. when this magma reaches the top it has no where to escape and so is pushed to the side - this is the movement causing the plates to move. the magma starts to cool as it is cooler near the crust and therefore begins to sink down. the magma then reaches the bottom and the process starts again

58
Q

what are the two types of crusts

A

continental and oceanic

59
Q

explain three differences between continental and oceanic

A

continental - thicker, permanent, granite, lighter
oceanic - thinner, always destroyed, basalt, heavier

60
Q

what are the three types of plate boundaries

A

conservative, convergent, divergent

61
Q

explain conservative plate boundaries

A
  • plates slide past each other
  • huge earthquakes because of pressure and friction building up
  • land is not destroyed or made
62
Q

what are the difference between the two convergent plate boundaries

A

convergent - different plates
collision - same plates

63
Q

explain convergent plate boundaries

A
  • plates move toward each other
  • two different crusts
  • subduction occurs
  • loosing land
  • oceanic crust is denser so will always subduct
  • major earthquakes
64
Q

explain collision plate boundaries

A
  • more toward each other
  • the same crusts
  • creates mountains
  • small earthquakes
65
Q

explain divergent plate boundaries

A
  • move away from each other
  • creates land
  • magma rises and fills gap
  • volcanoes could form and small earthquakes
66
Q

what are hotspot volcanoes

A
  • hotspot volcanoes form because of a weakness in the crust under the ocean
  • they form away from plate boundaries
  • because of the weakness in the crust, magma flows through creating a magma plume
  • these create volcanic islands such as Hawaiian Islands
67
Q

what are the other two types of volcanoes

A

composite, shield

68
Q

explain the properties of composite volcanoes

A
  • explosive
  • dormant (build up of pressure)
  • pyroclastic bombs and flows (deadly)
  • steep sided
  • layers of ash and lava
  • viscus, thick, gloopy, cooler lava
  • convergent plate boundaries
    -narrow base
69
Q

explain the properties of shield volcanoes

A
  • non explosive
  • layers of lava
  • divergent plate boundaries
  • runny, quick lava
  • gentle slopped sides
  • wide base
  • basaltic lava (hotter)
70
Q

what is an earthquake

A

the shaking and vibrations of the earths crust due to movement of the earths plate tectonics

71
Q

what is the focus and epicentre

A

the point inside the crust where pressure is released. the epicentre is the point directly above on the earths surface

72
Q

how do we measure earthquakes

A

the richer scale in magnitude

73
Q

what are hazards of an earthquake

A

buildings destroyed, liquefaction, tsunamis, flooding, fires

74
Q

explain the details of the developed country you have studied as a case study for earthquakes

A
  • Japan
  • 11th march 2011
  • 2:45 pm
  • 5 minute earthquake
  • 9 on the richer scale
  • triggered a tsunami
75
Q

explain the details of the emerging country you have studied as a case study for earthquakes

A
  • Haiti
  • 10th January 2010
  • 4:53 pm
  • 35 second earthquake
  • 7 on the richer scale
76
Q

how many people died or were injured in the Japan earthquake

A

20,000

77
Q

how many people died or were injured in the Haiti earthquake

A

316,000 people died
300,000 injured

78
Q

what were some primary impacts caused by the Haiti earthquake

A
  • 220000 people killed because of the earthquake itself
  • 1.3 million people left homeless
  • 200000 homes were damaged
  • roads were blocked meaning emergency services were effected
79
Q

what were some secondary impacts caused by the Haiti earthquake

A
  • over 2 million people were left with no food or water
  • looting became very serious
  • tourist industry declined
  • displaced people were moved into temporary shelters
  • dead bodies in the street created health hazards - many built in mass graves
  • outbrake of cholera
80
Q

what were some primary impacts caused by the Japan earthquake

A
  • 20,000 people were dead or missing
  • 500,000 people needed to evacuate
  • 450,000 lost their homes
81
Q

what were some secondary impacts caused by the Japan earthquake

A
  • tsunami was triggered
  • meltdown of the Fukushima power plant
  • millions of people without power and food and water for weeks
82
Q

what is a long term response

A

involving restoring the area back to normal and managing future hazards

82
Q

what is an emergency response

A

take place immediately and include rescuing people, providing medical care aid, food, water

83
Q

how can somewhere predict a tectonic hazard

A
  • gas readings
  • thermal imaging
  • hydrology
  • tilt meter
  • GPS reading
  • seismometer
84
Q

how can somewhere protect for a tectonic hazard

A
  • triangular roof shapes
  • sirens
  • gullies - redirection of lava
  • earthquake proof beds
  • shatter resistance glass
  • dampers (shock absorbers)
  • shear core
  • cross bracing
85
Q

how can somewhere prepare for future tectonic hazards

A
  • practise run for evacuations
  • educating people about it
  • medical supplies on hand
  • radio broadcasts/ media
  • evacuation route plans

geography one (3 decks)

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