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BMSC 230 Metabolism > Online quizzes > Flashcards

Online quizzes Flashcards

1
Q

is metabolism the sum total of catabolism and anabolism?

A

yes

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2
Q

Is the energy produced from catabolism captured as ATP?

A

yes

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3
Q

Does metabolism refer to the sum total chemical reactions that lead to breakdown or synthesis or biomolecules?

A

yes

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4
Q

What is an amphibolic pathway?

A

it can function both catabolically and anabolically

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5
Q

If delta G is negative, does the reaction favour the forward or reverse reaction?

A

Forward

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6
Q

How much ATP do we consume daily?

A

80kg

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7
Q

Which carrier is an activated carrier of electrons used in biosynthetic reactions?

A

NADPH

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8
Q

Many activated carriers are

A

derived from B vitamins

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9
Q

Why is too much fructose bad?

A

metabolized in a way that it passes the main regulatory point in glycolysis, leads to excess flow and too much fat

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10
Q

What is net ATP thru glycolysis?

A

2

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11
Q

Converting pyruvate to what produces the most energy>

A

Acetyl CoA

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12
Q

Galactose produced from lactose degradation can be metabolized to what?

A

Glucose 6p

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13
Q

What is the main regulatory enzyme of glycolysis?

A

PFK

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14
Q

What is an allosteric activator of PFK in liver?

A

Fructose 2,6 bisp

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15
Q

what is the final enzyme in gluconeogenesis?

A

glucose 6 phosphatase

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16
Q

What are three precursors for gluconeogenesis?

A

pyruvate, glycerol and lactate

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17
Q

What type of reaction does fructose 1 6 bisphosphatase catalyze?

A

Hydrolysis reaction

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18
Q

How many glycerol molecules are needed to make 1 glucose?

A

2

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19
Q

What bodily condition would cause gluconeogenesis to be active in the liver?

A

Sleep

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20
Q

When does the cori cycle occur?

A

When oxygen in muscle is limiting

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21
Q

The PPP is linked to glycolysis through what molecule?

A

glyceraldehyde 3p

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22
Q

What is oxidized in the oxidative phase of PPP?

A

glucose 6p

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23
Q

Why is PPP important?

A

Provides 5 carbon sugar for nucleotide synthesis

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24
Q

What do transketolase and transaldolase do?

A

help cell deal with imbalance in need for reducing equivalent and ribose 5p
- some products are glycolytic intermediates

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25
Q

Where can free glucose go when it enters the cell?

A

glycolysis or PPP

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26
Q

The regulation of PPP…

A

involves stimulation by high levels of NADP+, occurs by an allosteric mechanism

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27
Q

How many ribulose 5p molecules are produced per NADPH in PPP?

A

0.5

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28
Q

Where in the cell is the PPP?

A

cytosol

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29
Q

What part of glycogen means it can be quickly synthesized or degraded?

A

branched structure

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30
Q

How frequently do 1-6 linkages occur?

A

10 residues apart

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31
Q

What enzyme changes glucose 6p to glucose 1p

A

phosphoglucomutase

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32
Q

What are the products of the reaction catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase?

A

glucose 1p and glycogen that is one molecule shorter

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33
Q

debranching enzyme…

A

differs from glycogen phosphorylase in that it releases free glucose

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34
Q

Glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase share what property?

A

both are activated by camp

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35
Q

_____ is one of the products of the reaction catalyzed by the PDH, it can enter the _____

A

Acetyl CoA, it can enter the citric acid cycle

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36
Q

What does the Warburg effect refer to?

A

the feature of tumors to metabolize glucose into lactate instead of pyruvate even in the presence of oxygen

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37
Q

The high energy electrons that are generated in the citric acid cycle are initially captured in the form of _____

A

NADH and FADH2

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38
Q

How many CO2 molecules are released during one round of the citric acid cycle?

A

2

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39
Q

The substrates for the first reaction in the citric acid cycle are?

A

acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate

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40
Q

Why is regulation of the citric acid cycle necessary?

A

because the acetyl CoA that enters the cycle is derived from multiple pathways

41
Q

in addition to capturing high energy electrons through the oxidation of acetyl coa, another important function of the citric acid cycle is:

A

to provide intermediates for the synthesis of other biomolecules

42
Q

The two products of the electron transport chain are:

A

H2O and ATP

43
Q

What cellular compartment are the ETC complexes located?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

44
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?

A

O2

45
Q

What is the issue with reactive oxygen species?

A

they are highly reactive within many biomolecules in the cell

46
Q

triacylglycerol degradation in adipose tissues releases ____

A

fatty acids

47
Q

Which biomolecule facilitates the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Carnitine

48
Q

Every round of beta oxidation releases ____ _____ molecules except the last one which releases ____

A

one acetyl coa, two

49
Q

There is no ____ directly generated in beta oxidation?

A

ATP

50
Q

Does beta oxidation involve a dehydration step?

A

no

51
Q

The oxidation of odd chain fatty acids produces ____

A

propionyl CoA which is converted to an intermediate of the citric acdi cycle

52
Q

Ketone bodies are synthesized in what part of what organ?

A

mitochondria of the liver

53
Q

The oxidation of fatty acids generates more energy than glucose because:

A

They are more reduced than glucose and thus generate more high energy electrons

54
Q

Fatty acids cannot be used to supply carbons for ____

A

glucose syntehsis

55
Q

How does acetyl coa get form the mitochondria to the cytosol so it can be used in fatty acid synthesis?

A

it is converted to citrate which can be transported out to the cytosol where it is broken down to oxaloacetate and acetyl coa

56
Q

What does Acyl carrier protein (ACP) do?

A

acts ass an arm which moves the intermediates of fatty acid synthesis from one enzyme to the next.

57
Q

NADP required for fatty acid synthesis comes from where?

A

The process of transporting acetyl coa to the cytosol

58
Q

What is required to produce a 19 carbon unsaturated fatty acid?

A

you must start fatty acid synthesis with propionic acid

59
Q

What is the key regulatory enzyme in fatty acid synthesis?

A

acetyl coa carboxylase

60
Q

What are three required ingredients for synthesizing palmitate?

A

ATP, NADPH, Acetyl CoA

61
Q

What do phospholipids and triacylglycerols have in common?

A

they both have a glycerol backbone

62
Q

Fatty acids are linked to glycerol through what kind of bond?

A

ester bonds

63
Q

CDP-diacylglycerol is a precursor for what two products?

A

phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine

64
Q

What molecule is the building block for cholesterol synthesis?

A

Acetyl CoA

65
Q

What is the main regulatory enzyme in cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG CoA reductase

66
Q

Which biomolecule provides the reducing power needed for cholesterol synthesis?

A

NADPH

67
Q

How do statins lower plasma cholesterol levels?

A

they inhibit the cholesterol synthetic pathway

68
Q

What is the primary role of LDLs?

A

To deliver cholesterol to tissues

69
Q

The transamination reaction funnels amino groups into what biomolecule?

A

glutamate

70
Q

What is the aketoacid product of alanine transamination?

A

Pyruvate

71
Q

What product of the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction is used for urea synthesis?

A

NH4+

72
Q

The ammonia that is produced by the spleen is transported to the liver as ____

A

glutamine

73
Q

Urea is released by the hydrolysis of what molecule?

A

Arginine

74
Q

Which amino acid is used to deliver ammonium from non muscle tissues to the liver?

A

Glutamine

75
Q

In the synthesis of a urea molecule, one of the amino groups comes from free ammonium, the other one comes from?

A

aspartate

76
Q

Which vitamin is a cofactor for aminotransferase reactions?

A

Vitamin B6 - pyridoxal phosphate

77
Q

Which two amino acids is ammonia initially assimilated into by plants?

A

glutamate and glutamine

78
Q

Which enzyme serves as the main regulatory point in nitrogen metabolism>

A

glutamine synthetase

79
Q

S-Adenosylmethionine provides what group during the synthesis of other biomoleculews?

A

Methyl groups

80
Q

Amino acids can be synthesized from intermediates of what three pathways?

A

Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, PPP

81
Q

Oxaloacetate is the direct precursor for which amino acid?

A

Aspartate

82
Q

Which enzyme in serine biosynthesis is allosterically controlled?

A

3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase

83
Q

Besides glutamine, which other amino acid is a source of amino groups?

A

glutamate

84
Q

what two biomolecules provide the one carbon units that THF carries?

A

Serine and formate

85
Q

The major products of nucleic acid digestion in the small intestine are?

A

nucleosides

86
Q

What is the major end product of purine degredation?

A

Uric acid

87
Q

What biomolecule provides 4/6 atoms in pyrimidine rings?

A

aspartate

88
Q

RNR is involved in what process?

A

synthesizing deoxy shit

89
Q

What is the product of thymidylate synthase?

A

dTMP

90
Q

5-fluorouracil inhibits which enzyme?

A

thymidylate synthase

91
Q

What is the major enzyme involved in salvaging purines?

A

hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase

92
Q

Which organ acts as a glucose sensor?

A

liver

93
Q

What is the fate of glycerol that is produced in adipose tissue when triacylglycerol is degraded?

A

it is released into the blood and used in the liver as a substrate for gluconeogenesis

94
Q

Which organ consumes the most glucose>

A

brain

95
Q

Which organ cannot use fatty acids as an energy source>

A

brain

96
Q

Which hormone plays the biggest role during starvation?

A

glucagon

97
Q

Name one metabolic pathway stimulated by insulin

A

hepatic fatty acid synthesis

98
Q
A

BMSC 230 Metabolism (7 decks)

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