Marxists

Question 1

Myth of meritocracy

Answer 1

Bowles and Gintis: meritocracy doesn’t exist as the main factors determining whether or not someone has high income is their class/ family background not abilities or educational achievement

Question 2

The ideological state apparatus

Answer 2

Agencies of the state which serve to spread ruling class ideology and justify their power. According to Althusser the state consists of 2 apparatuses, both keeping the bourgeoisie in power

Question 3

Material deprivation

Answer 3

factors such as poverty, a lack of basic necessities e.g. diet, housing clothing or money to afford these–> working class underachievement

Question 4

Cultural deprivation

Answer 4

Many working class children are inadequately socialised and therefore lack the right culture needed for educational success

Question 5

Cultural capital

Answer 5

Knowledge, values, attitudes, language and tastes that the middle class transmits to their children. Bordieau argues that educational achievement is largely based on this

Question 6

Capitalism

Answer 6

System of economic organisation where businesses are owned by private individuals who profit from workers’ labour

Question 7

Fordism

Answer 7

An economy in which the labour force was predominantly mass production factories

Question 8

Post-fordism

Answer 8

Industrial production has moved away from mass production in huge factories towards more specialised markets based on small, flexible manufacturing units

Question 9

Post-modernism

Answer 9

Society has progressed to an era beyond modernity