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nursing research > class 8-9 > Flashcards

class 8-9 Flashcards

1
Q

research study design

A

blueprint or detailed plan for conducting a study

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2
Q

what is a design

A

-addresses the research problem in an appropriate way
-determines the degree of bias and/or control
-guides the researcher in planning and implementing a study

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3
Q

experimental (interventional) design

A

-experimental
-quasi-experimental

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4
Q

non-experimental (observational) design

A

-correlational
-descriptive
-comparative

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5
Q

design: time dimension
cross-sectional design

A

data collected at one point in time

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6
Q

design: time dimension
prospective design

A

data collected at one point and then again at future point(s)
may be longitudinal

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7
Q

design: time dimension
retrospective design

A

data collected and compared against previously collected data or in relation to something that occurred in the past

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8
Q

causality - design concepts

A

A causes B
relies on temporality being able to determine the independent variable occured/changed before the outcome

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9
Q

multicausality - design concepts

A

same as causality but A,C,D… causes B

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10
Q

manipulation - design concepts

A

-intentionally controlling/altering a condition or treatment (independent variable)
-must be consistent

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11
Q

bias - design concepts

A

distorts findings away from the truth
-researchers must attempt to eliminate or substantially reduce randomness & blinding

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12
Q

control - design concepts

A

keeping study conditions constant
-reduce bias
-improves accuracy of findings
-impacts generalizability

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13
Q

control can be applied to:

A

sample
setting
treatment/intervention
measurement
extraneous variables

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14
Q

design validity

A

-measure of truth or accuracy of a study

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15
Q

statistical conclusion validity

A

are the conclusions drawn from statistical analyses an accurate reflection of the real world

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16
Q

type 1 error statistical conclusion validity

A

incorrectly concluding that a difference or relationship exists

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17
Q

type 2 error statistical conclusion validity

A

incorrectly concluding that a difference or relationship does not exist

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18
Q

construct validity

A

-congruency between operational definitions and conceptual definitions
-to what degree do the instruments sued actually measure the variable being studied

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19
Q

threats to construct validity

A

-conceptual and/or operational definitions not clearly defined
-instrument selection

20
Q

internal validity

A

-is there another reasonable explanation for the study findings
-are the findings a true reflection of reality or the result of extraneous variables

21
Q

history - threats to internal validity

A

external events impacting subjects & data collected

22
Q

maturation - threats to internal validity

A

-changes within subjects over time that influence study findings

23
Q

testing - threats to internal validity

A

-effects of taking pre-test on post-test

24
Q

instrumentation - threats to internal validity

A

variables measured improperly

25
Q

subject selection - threats to internal validity

A

-participants or groups differ from the population

26
Q

mortality - threats to internal validity

A

participants/subjects dropping out

27
Q

diffusion of treatment (imitation) - threats to internal validity

A

control group has access to treatment

28
Q

external validity

A

-can the findings be applied to individuals/groups or contexts outside the study (generalizability)

29
Q

selection bias - threats to external validity

A

limited generalizability to other populations (sample is not representative)

30
Q

reactivity - threats to external validity

A

subjects alter their responses due to being studied (i.e. trying to make their answer what the researcher is looking for vs what they want to say)

31
Q

measurement effects - threats to external validity

A

testing effects
observer bias

32
Q

problems with study designs

A

-inappropriate for purpose and/or framework
-poorly developed
-poorly implemented
-inadequate treatment, sample, measurement methods

33
Q

study purpose

A

is the researcher trying to
-describe variables
-examine relationships
-determine differences
-test a treatment

34
Q

non-experimental quanitiative designs

A

-descriptive studies
-correlational studies
-comparative studies

35
Q

experimental quanitative designs

A

experimental or quasi-experimental

36
Q

descriptive studies

A

-collect detailed description of exisiting variables
-assess current conditions
-use data to identify problems, improve health care practices, develop theory, guide future research

37
Q

typical descriptive design

A

clairifcation->measurement->description->interpretation->developement of hypothesis

38
Q

correlational studies

A

explore relationships between or among variable
provide deeper insight into a phenomenon

39
Q

comparative studies

A

describes and compares variables in two or more groups

40
Q

3 essential elements of experimental studies

A

-randomization
-manipulation of independent variable
-control

41
Q

treatment protocols for experimental studies

A

-specify what the intervention will entail
-who will recieve it
-who will administer it, do they need training
-when and for how long
-what will the alternative/control be

42
Q

common designs of experimental studies

A

-pretest - posttest
-true experiment, classic experiment
-randomized control trial(RCT)
-posttest only
-crossover

43
Q

advantages of experimental studies

A

-more controls; design & conduct of study
-increased internal validity; fewer threats
-fewer rival hypotheses
-more practical to implement
-more feasible: resources, subjects, time, setting
-sometimes more generalizable(comparable to practice)

44
Q

quasi-experimental studies

A

researcher initiates experimental tratement but some characteristic of a true experiment is lacking (usually randomization)

45
Q

common design in quasi-experimental designs

A

-nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest
-nonequivalent control group post-test only
-one group pretest-posttest

46
Q

other quantitative studies

A

-outcomes reserach
-methodological reserach
-meta-analysis
-secondary analysis
-cohort studies
-case control studies

nursing research (14 decks)

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