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Histology IV > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

what type of gland is the kidney?

A

compound tubular

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2
Q

what are the major functions of the kidney?

A
  1. filtration
  2. secretion
  3. (re)absorption
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3
Q

Describe the organization of the kidney

A
  1. outermost capsule (CT)
  2. Outer cortex
  3. Inner medulla
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4
Q

what types of cells make up the kidney capsule?

A

fibroblasts and myofibroblasts

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5
Q

What makes up the kidney cortex?

A
  1. Renal corpuscle
  2. Renal columns
  3. Medullary Rays
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6
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle?

A
  1. Capillary Glomerulus

2. Bowman’s capsule

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7
Q

what is the capillary glomerulus?

A

branched fenestrated capillary tube that is derived from and afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole (arterial portal system!)

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8
Q

What is a medullary ray?

A

straight portions of the 1. proximal and 2. distal tubules and the 3. collecting ducts as they extend into the medulla

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9
Q

What does the medulla of the kidney contain?

A

tubules + collecting ducts grouped into pyramids

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10
Q

what is a medullary pyramid?

A

cone shaped bundle of tubules that converge to form a papilla with a rounded apex that projects into a minor calyx

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11
Q

What does the renal sinus contain?

A

Renal Pelvis with its:

major/minor calyx, branches of renal arteries, veins, nerves, and fatty connective tissue

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12
Q

what is the renal pelvis

A

an expanded funnel shaped portion of the ureter

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13
Q

what defines a kidney lobe?

A

medullary pyramid + associated cortex tissue (humans have 8-18 per kidney); bound by interlobar arteries

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14
Q

What does premature birth cause with respect to kidney development?

A

can cause a decrease in the number of kidney lobes and thus develop into hypertension during the ADULT LIFE

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15
Q

what defines a kidney lobule?

A

medullary ray + associated cortex tissue (the lobule is centered around the medullary ray and bound by interlobular arteries)

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16
Q

What is a uriniferous tubule?

A

a nephron + the associated collecting tubule

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17
Q

What is a nephron

A

the function unit of the kidney, around 2 million per kidney

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18
Q

what is Bowman’s capsule?

A

blindly ending tubule indented by glomerular capillary

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19
Q

What makes up a thick segment of the nephron?

A

the convoluted and straight tubules (proximal or distal)

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20
Q

What makes up the Loop of Henle?

A

it is a loop that includes the entire U-shaped portion of the nephron with its hairpin turn; made of the THIN segment of a nephron

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21
Q

what are the two types of nephrons?

A
  1. cortical/supcapsular

2. juxtamedullary

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22
Q

Describe the cortical/supcapsular nephron? (the defining characteristic, location, function)

A

SHORT loops of Henle in the cortex and outer medulla ;
located in the outer cortex
function: do not concentrate urine significantly

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23
Q

Describe the Juxtamedullary nephron? (the defining characteristic, location, function)

A

LONG loops of Henle deep into the pyramids ;
renal corpuscle is located near the corticomedullary junction
function: significantly contribute to the concentration of urine

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24
Q

Regardless of nephron type, where are the straight portions of the neprhon/collecting tubules located?

A

in the medullary ray (WITHIN IN THE CORTEX, but extending into the medulla)

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25
Q

Describe afferent blood flow in the kidney

A

Renal artery to interlobar artery to arcuate artery to interlobular artery to afferent arterioles to glomerular capillary

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26
Q

Describe efferent blood flow in the subcapsular nephrons

A

from the glomerular capillary to the efferent arteriole to the PERITUBULAR CAP to the interlobular vein to the arcuate vein to the interlobar vein to the renal vein

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27
Q

Describe efferent blood flow in the juxtamedullary glomerulus

A

from the glomerular capillary to the efferent arteriole to the STRAIGHT ARTERY (VASA RECTA) to the VENOUS VASA RECTA to the arcuate vein to the interlobar vein to the renal vein

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28
Q

where are the interlobar arteries/veins located in the kidney?

A

between pyramids

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29
Q

where are the arcuate arteries in the kidneys located?

A

between the cortex and base of the pyramids

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30
Q

where are the interlobular vessels in the kidneys located?

A

run radially in the cortex between the medullary rays

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31
Q

How does the morphology of an efferent arteriole compare to that of an afferent arteriole? Why is this significant?

A

the diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than that of an afferent arteriole;

this allows for maintenance of the filtration pressure

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32
Q

what is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

to filter plasma from the glomerular capillary

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33
Q

what is the renal corpuscle composed of?

A

bowman’s membrane + glomerulus

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34
Q

what type of capillary is the glomerulus?

A

branched fenestrated (w/open fenestrae)

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35
Q

what is the vascular pole of the nephron?

A

where the Afferent ateriole enters the renal corpuscle and the efferent arteriole leaves it

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36
Q

what is the urinary pole of the nephron

A

where the parietal layer of the bowman’s membrane is continuous with the beginning of a proximal convoluted tubule

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37
Q

What does Bowman’s space enclose?

A

the urinary space with contains provisional urine

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38
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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39
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule?

A

podocytes

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40
Q

Describe podocyte morphology

A

have interdigitating pedicals (foot processes) separated by slit pores spanned by slit membranes

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41
Q

what makes up the filtration barrier of the nephron?

A
  1. glomerular endothelium
  2. glomerular basement membrane
  3. slit membrane
  4. glycocalyx of podocytes
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42
Q

How does the glomerular endothelium contribute to the filtration barrier of the nephron?

A

it has OPEN FENESTRAE that restrict the entry of molecules >70kD into the glomerular basement membrane; some fenestrae with diaphragms are also present

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43
Q

How does the glomerular basement membrane contribute to the filtration barrier of the nephron?

A

it contains type IV collagen, heparin sulfate, laminin and fibronectin;

the negative charge of the heparan sulfates limits the movement of negatively charged proteins less than 70 kD across the GBM although they may enter the GBM

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44
Q

What molecules does the glomerular basement membrane contain that contributes to the filtration barrier of the nephron

A

it contains type IV collagen, heparin sulfate, laminin and fibronectin

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45
Q

What is the slit membrane formed by?

A

nephrin (an adhesion protein) and its anchoring comoplex

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46
Q

where are the slit membranes located?

A

between the pedicels of a podocyte (in the visceral layer of the bowman’s capsule)

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47
Q

How does the glycocalyx of the podocytes contribute to the filtration barrier of the nephron?

A

it is polyanionic (negatively charged) and limits the passage of negatively charged molecules into the filtrate

48
Q

What is glomerular nephritis? what is the most severe form?

A

when anitgen-antibodies complexes accumulate in the GBM; auto-antibodies to GBM produce the most severe form

49
Q

What is congenital nephrotic syndrome caused by? what are typical symptoms?

A

caused by lethal defects in gene producing NEPHRIN; thus defect in slit membrane thus things can filter through more easily to the urine in the nephron;

in Children (symptoms): low albumin in BLOOD high albumin in URINE

50
Q

What are mesangial cells?

A

specialized contractile cells, pericyte like

51
Q

where are mesangial cells located?

A

within the stalk of the capillary tuft (intraglomerular mesangium) and the vascular pole (extraglomerular mesangium)

52
Q

what is the function of intraglomerular mesangium cells?

A
  1. maintenance of the basement membrane through phagocytosis
  2. structural support
  3. regulation of blood flow through the glomerulus
  4. secrete interleukin-1 and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
53
Q

How does the basement membrane of the glomerular endothelial cell and the slit membrane (on podocyte) appear?

A

fused basal laminae of endothelial cell and podocyte appears trilaminar

54
Q

what are mesangial cells derived from? why is this interesting?

A

FROM SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS!!! rare occurrence where the phagocytic cell is NOT derived from a monocyte.

55
Q

what is the function of the proximal tubule (convoluted and straight)

A
  1. recovery of 2/3 of glmoerular filtrate including water, ions, glucose, amino acids and small proteins
56
Q

what is transported actively in the proximal tubule? passively?

A

active transport of Na+ passive transport of Cl-

57
Q

How does water enter the proximal tubule?

A

it follows the ions by paracellular and transcellular routes; absorption is aided by aquaporin-1 channels in the PM of the proximal tubule cells

58
Q

what does the proximal tubule secrete?

A

creatine, some dyes, and drugs

59
Q

Describe the morphology of the epithelial cells in the proximal tubule

A

Simple cuboidal with a well developed brush border (apical microvilli), basal striations and lateral interdigitating folds of the plasma membrane;

Has prominent endocytotic apparatus with pinocytic vesicles, vacuoles, and lysosomes for intracellular degradation

60
Q

what is present in the proximal tubule for intracellular degradation?

A

prominent endocytotic apparatus with pinocytic vesicles, vacuoles, and lysosomes f

61
Q

where are the peritubular capillaries located? what type of capillary?

A

close to the peritubular capillaries; usually fenestrated capillaries

62
Q

what is the thin limb of the nephron located near?

A

vasa rectae

63
Q

what type of epithelial cells are found in the thin limb of the nephron?

A

simple squamous epithelium

64
Q

What are the functions of the ascending thin limb?

A

It is impermeable to water but has Na/K ATPase that increase the osmotic gradient in the itnerstitium; this is essential for the counter current multiplier system in order to produce HYPERTONIC URINE IN COLLECTION DUCTS

65
Q

what results from inhibition of the ion pumps in the thin limb of the nephron? what would cause this?

A

caused by a diuretic; inhibition of NaCl uptake causes an increase of urinary excretion of NaCl and therefore an increase in water excretion

66
Q

Describe the morphology of the distal tubule epithelium

A

simple cuboidal and a few short microvilli NO BRUSH BORDER; little endocytotic activity

extensive system of lateral interdigitations and basal lamina striations with associated mitochondria (for active absorption of Na+, bicarbonate and secretion of K+/H+)

67
Q

What allows for active absorption of the Na+, bicarbonate and secretion of K+/H+ in the distal tubule?

A

extensive system of lateral interdigitations and basal lamina striations with associated mitochondria

68
Q

what controls the active absorption of Na+ in the distal tubule?

A

aldosterone

69
Q

what does the secretion of H+ in the distal tubule contribute to?

A

the acidification of urine

70
Q

what is the straight portion of the distal tubule located near? the convoluted portion?

A 
straight = near vasa recta
convoluted = near peritubular capillaries
71
Q

what is the macula densa a part of?

A

Juxtoglomerular apparatus

72
Q

what is the macula densa of the nepron

A

a group of tall narrow cells in the wall of the DISTAL at the site of contact with the afferent and efferent arterioles (vascular pole)

73
Q

what is the function of macula densa cells?

A

they respond to low Na+ concentrations in filtrate and lowered blood pressure and simulate justaglomerular cells to produce renin in response

74
Q

what do macula densa cells respond to?

A

lowered Na+ concentrations in the filtrate and lowered blood pressure

75
Q

what does stimulation of the macula densa cells result in?

A

simulation of the juxtaglomerular cells to produce renin (to increase blood pressure)

76
Q

Describe the polarity of the macula densa cells

A

reversed; release secretion (ATP, adenosine, Nitric Oxide, prostaglandins) at the BASAL surface

77
Q

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

to regulate Na+ absorption and BP

78
Q

What is the juxtoglomerular apparatus made up of?

A
  1. Macula Densa cells of the DISTAL TUBULE

2. Juxtaglomerular Cells (JG Cells)

79
Q

what are Juxtoglomerular cells?

A

modified SMC (myoepitelioid) in arteriole wall hat produce Renin in response to signaling from macula densa

80
Q

what cells produce Renin?

A

JG cells

81
Q

what is renin?

A

a protease that catalyzes the hyrdolysis of angiotensinogen (circular protein in plasma) to aniotensin I

82
Q

where is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II? by what?

A

in the lungs by Angiontensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)

83
Q

what is the role of angiotensin II?

A

potent VASOCONSTRICTOR

84
Q

what does angiotensin stimulate?

A

the adrenals to produce aldosterone which acts on the distal convoluted tubule to increase Na+ absorption and thus increase blood pressure and blood volume levels

85
Q

what is the function of aldosterone? where is it produced?

A

it acts on the distal convoluted tubule to increase Na+ absorption and thus increase blood pressure and blood volume levels; produced in the adrenals;

86
Q

How do ACE inhibitor and ACE receptor blockers work? what is it used to treat?

A

they interfere with the renin/angiotensin system and inhibit/block ACE from converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II thus preventing vasoconstriction and stimulation of Na+ absorption via aldoserone;

Used to treat chronic ypertension

87
Q

What do the arched collecting tubules drain into? (what do those drain into..)

A

empty into straight collecting ducts which fuse to form papillary ducts hat converge at the apex of papilla and open at the minor calyx

88
Q

what do the light (principal) cells of the collecting ducts resorb? secrete?

A

resorb Na+

secrete K+

89
Q

what do the light (principal) cells of the collecting ducts respond to?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

90
Q

what is the function of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

regulates he insertion of water channels (aquaporin 2) into the cell membranes and therefore increase water intake

91
Q

where is aquaporin-1 present? aquaporin-2?

A

aquaporin-1 for water resorption in the proximal tubule; aquaporin-2 for water channels in collecting ducts (mediated by ADH)

92
Q

what is the general function of the light (prinicipal) cells of the collecting duct?

A

involved in Na+ (and therefore water) resorption

93
Q

what do the dark (intercalated) cells of the collecting duct resorb? secrete? general function?

A

general function = regulate acid-base balance
resorb = K+
secrete H+ or HCO3-

94
Q

Describe the epithelium of the collecting ducts

A 
smaller = simple cuboidal
larger = simple columnar
95
Q

what are the most important things in setting up a gradient of Na+ concentration in the kidney?

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

96
Q

what part of the nephron is impermeable to water?

A

distal thin ligament + parts of the straight ligament

97
Q

where is the Na+ concentration the highest? why?

A

in the medulla because the distal thin ligament + parts of the straight ligament are impermeable to water

98
Q

what is the result of the high Na+ concentration in the medulla of the kidney?

A

it passively draws water out of the collecting ducts (ADH concentration regulates the number of aquaporin -2 channels in the collecting duct PM)

99
Q

what is the result of more ADH present?

A

= more highly concentrated the urine becomes and lower its volume

100
Q

Describe the sodium concentration regulation of the kidney

A

when the macula densa senses low Na+ concentration in the provisional urine, it causes aldosterone binding to the DCT cells of the nephrons; DCT increase their Na+ uptake which is transferred into the blood via peritubular fenestrated capillary network causing an increase in blood Na+ concentration

101
Q

what is diabetes insipidus caused by? symptoms?

A

due to defect in ADH effectiveness (ie: hypophyseal tumor or defective receptors) ; causes an increase in water consumption (polydipsia) and increase in urination (polyuria) but NO GLUCOSE IN URINE

102
Q

what are the symptoms of diabetes mellitus (with respect to the kidney)

A

high glucose concentration in the blood acts as an osmotic diuretic in the nephron; GLUCOSE PRESENT IN THE URINE

103
Q

what is the function of the interstitial cells of the kidney? what do they include?

A

endocrine function; includes 1. erythropoietin (stimulates RBC production in bone marrow) 2. thrombopoietin (stimulates platelet production in the bone marrow) 3.causes hyrdoxylation of vitamin D precursor to the hormonally active form

104
Q

Where is translational epithelium found?

A

lining the minor/major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder (excretory passages); the walls gradually thicken as the passages near the bladder

105
Q

Describe the mucosa in the renal pelvis and ureter

A

translational epithelium (urothelium) and fairly dense LP + muscularis mucosae

106
Q

describe the muscle layers in the renal pelvis and ureter

A

inner longitudinal + outer circular SMC + anoter outer longitudinal layer added in the lower portion of the ureter (+muscularis mucosae in mucosa)

107
Q

how do you ID the ureter?

A

small, translational epithelium, thin musculais layer, surrounded by adipose

108
Q

Describe the mucosa of the bladder

A

translational epithelium that is thicker than the ureter (varies from 3-10 layers) with contraction and distension

109
Q

what facilitates distension in the bladder epithelium? how?

A

intedigitated cell borders; the surface cells have plaques of thick asymmetrical PM and fusiform vesicles in the apical cytoplasm which are reserve packets of membrane material; thus the membrane can fold inward or reinsert for distension

110
Q

what are the fusiform vesicles in the apical cytoplasm of the bladder epithelium?

A

reserve packets of membrane material

111
Q

Describe the muscularis layer of the bladder

A

3 layers: longitudinal, circular, longitudinal; the circular layers are thickened near the opening of urethra to form internal sphincter; the muscles are pierced obliquely by he ureters

112
Q

Describe the mucosa of the female urethra

A

translaional epithelium near the bladder hat turns into stratified squamous with patches of stratified or psuedostratified columnar;
the LP has LOTS OF ELASTIC FIBERS;
Has mucus glands of Littes (more present in the male)

113
Q

where are the mucous glands of Littes located?

A

In the mucosa layer of the urethra (more in male)

114
Q

Describe the muscularis layer of the urethra?

A

inner longitudinal, outer circular SMC; MUCH THICKER THAN IN THE URETER;

115
Q

what type of muscle is the inner urethral sphincter? what does it arise from?

A

the inner sphincter of SMC = around the origin of the urethra from the bladder

116
Q

what type of muscle is the external urethral sphincter? what does it arise from?

A

the external sphincter = SKELETAL muscle arises from the urogenital diaphragm

Histology IV (4 decks)

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