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History > Cold War > Flashcards

Cold War Flashcards

1
Q

Cominform 1947

A

The Communist Information Bureau. It represented internationally communist parties across Europe and brought them under USSR control. It was the Soviet response to the Truman Doctrine

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2
Q

Aims of Cominform

A

Followed Stalin’s aims, introduce collectivisation of agriculture and state control of industry

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3
Q

Cominform newspaper and conferences

A

It published its own newspaper to spread Communist ideals and held conferences in the Eastern Bloc

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4
Q

Uses of Cominform

A

The Soviet Union used Cominform to purge any members who disagreed with Moscow

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5
Q

Yugoslavia expelled from Cominform

A

President Tito refused to take orders from Stalin. In 1948 Yugoslavia was expelled from Cominform and other communist countries applied economic sanctions

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6
Q

End of Cominform

A

Disbanded in 1956

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7
Q

Comecon 1949

A

The Council for Mutual Economic cooperation. It was the soviet response to Marshall Aid. Allowed the Soviet Union to carry out the Molotov plan

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8
Q

Molotov Plan 1947

A

The Molotov Plan was the system created by the Soviet Union in 1947 in order to provide aid to rebuild the countries in Eastern Europe that were politically and aligned to the Soviet Union

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9
Q

Aims of Comecon

A

The Soviet Union could support countries in Eastern Europe financially

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10
Q

Uses of Comecon

A

The Soviet Union used Comecon to control the economic of Satellite States. Gave the soviet union access to the resources of Satellite States. Encourages economic specialisation such as Czechoslovakia focused on heavy industry

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11
Q

Countries who accepted Comecon

A

Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Romania all joined the soviet union in this group and were joined by Albania and East Germany shortly after

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12
Q

Reasons for Truman Doctrine

A

American and British politicians were concerned about Greece and Turkey. Previously, Britain had been influential in the area but was no longer in a financial position to support governments. Communism had already spread to many of Greece’s neighbours and the Greek Communist Party was becoming popular. There were concerns that Greece would fall to communism next.

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13
Q

Truman Doctrine

A

President Truman’s policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology. The USA was now fully committed to its policy of containment

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14
Q

Containment

A

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world.

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15
Q

Impact on Greece

A

The Greek government was now able to defeat the communists.

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16
Q

Impact of the Truman Doctrine

A

The Truman Doctrine worsened relations. The rivalry between the USA and USSR increase. Truman had publicly stated that the world was divided between two ways of life: the free, non communist and the unfree, communist.

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17
Q

Marshall Plan

A

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952).

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18
Q

Reasons for the Marshall Plan

A

The USA did not want to commit military to the defence of Western Europe. The USA was worried about war-torn countries turning to communism. Truman believed that by providing aid to countries, it would help them recovered economically, and provide employment and they would have no need to become communist.

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19
Q

Marshall Aid

A

Aid was offered to all war-turn European countries to re-equip their factories and revive trade and agriculture. The USA offered money, equipment and goods to countries willing to work together towards their economic recovery.

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20
Q

Consequences of the Marshall Plan

A

Europe became more divided, Stalin was initially involved by withdrew because he didn’t trust the US and didn’t want to show how weak the USSR’s economy really was. Increased tensions because Stalin accused USA of using plan for their own interests, which was to boost their own economy.

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21
Q

OEEC (Organization for European Economic Cooperation)

A

The OEEC was set up by sixteen countries in Europe to decide how to use the US aid.

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22
Q

UK receiving Marshall aid

A

The United Kingdom received $3176 million in Marshall Aid. This was the largest amount given to any country in Europe.

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23
Q

Total amount of Marshall Aid

A

By 1953 $17 billion had been provided to European countries.

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24
Q

Blocking of Marshall Aid.

A

Both Poland and Czechoslovakia were blocked from receiving Marshall Aid by the Soviet Union.

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25
Q

Space race

A

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

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26
Q

Development of the Space Race.

A

In addition to the Arms Race, from 1957 the Space Race also developed.

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27
Q

Sputnik (SR)

A

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 by the USSR.

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28
Q

US reaction to Sputnik (SR)

A

The USA saw the launch of Sputnik as a military threat.

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29
Q

1957 Sputnik 2 (SR)

A

Laika becomes the first animal to orbit earth, although she died within hours from overheating. Sputnik 2 was a USSR satellite.

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30
Q

1958 Explorer 1 (SR)

A

Explorer 1 was the first US satellite in space.

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31
Q

1958 NASA (SR)

A

In 1958 the USA set up NASA. NASA was the first National Space Agency.

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32
Q

1961 Yuri Gagarin in to space (SR)

A

1961 Yuri Gagarin was the 1st man in to space. He was a Soviet cosmonaut.

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33
Q

1969 Apollo 11 (SR)

A

1969 Apollo 11 This was when the 1st man landed on the moon. 1/5th of the world watched the moon landings on television. This was a massive victory for the USA, and they had won the Space Race.

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34
Q

1971 Salyut 1 (SR)

A

1971 Salyut 1 was the 1st space station. It was a Soviet space station.

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35
Q

1973 Skylab (SR)

A

1973 Skylab this was the 1st American space station.

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36
Q

1975 Apollo-Soyuz mission (SR)

A

1975 Apollo-Soyuz mission was when USA and USSR docked together in space. The Space Race was over.

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37
Q

Kadar (HU)

A

Kadar became the Hungary’s new leader

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38
Q

Nagy arrested (HU)

A

Nagy had been in hiding during the fighting and was in the Yugoslavia embassy. Kadar offered him a safe passage out of the country, but Kadar broke his word and arrested Nagy.

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39
Q

Killing of Nagy (HU)

A

Nagy was taken to Romania and hanged in 1958.

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40
Q

Death of Soviet troops (HU)

A

7,000 Soviet troops were killed.

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41
Q

Death of Hungarian rebels (HU)

A

At least 20,000 Hungarian rebels were killed.

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42
Q

Hungarian refugees (HU)

A

Around 200,000 Hungarians fled, many to Austria where they became political refugees.

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43
Q

International reactions (HU)

A

There was little the US and Britain could do, Hungary was too far away for military intervention.

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44
Q

UN Special Inquiry November 1956 (HU)

A

Both the Soviet and Hungarian government refused to participate.

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45
Q

Time Magazine 1956 (HU)

A

Time Magazine in America names the ‘Hungarian freedom fighter’ its ‘man of the year’.

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46
Q

Ed Sullivan (HU)

A

A US TV presenter asked the viewers to send aid to the Hungarian refugees during the Soviet invasion. By 1957 $6 million had be raised.

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47
Q

Strengths for the Soviet Union (HU)

A

The Soviet Union had maintained its empire and had sent out a warning to any countries wanting to break away.

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48
Q

Rakosi is forced from power (HU)

A

Rakosi is forced from power in July 1953. He is replaced by Erno Gero.

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49
Q

23rd October 1956 (HU)

A

On 23rd October, there were riots of students, workers and soldiers. They demanded freedom of speech, free press and removal of Soviet troops. They smashed up the statue of Stalin, and attacked the AVH and Russian soldiers.

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50
Q

25th October 1956 (HU)

A

Krushchev sent in troops and tanks to try and restore peace. On 25th October the tanks open fire and killed 12 people and wounded more than 100 people.

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51
Q

26th October 1956 (HU)

A

On 26th October, Gero was forced to resign and Imre Nagy took over as Prime Minister again.

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52
Q

28th October 1956 (HU)

A

On 28th October the Russian army pulled out of Budapest.

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53
Q

31st October Nagy’s reforms (HU)

A

Nagy’s reforms included: Free elections, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, an impartial legal system to ensure fair trials, the withdrawal of the Soviet army from Hungary, farmers to be allowed private ownership of their land. Hungary would become a ‘neutral’ state.

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54
Q

Leaving the Warsaw Pact (HU)

A

Nagy announced that Hungary was going to leave the Warsaw Pact.

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55
Q

Khrushchev refused to accept (HU)

A

Khrushchev refused to accept Hungary leaving the Warsaw Pact as it would leave a gap in the USSR’s buffer zone with Western Europe.

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56
Q

4th November Soviet invasion (HU)

A

On 4th November at dawn, 200,000 Soviet troops and 6000 Russian tanks rolled into Budapest.

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57
Q

Reasons for the Soviet invasion (HU)

A

The Soviet Union wanted to set an example to the rest of Eastern Europe, they did not want other countries to try and break away from the Warsaw Pact.

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58
Q

Events of the Soviet invasion (HU)

A

The Soviet army quickly captured airports, bridges and any key road junctions.

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59
Q

Ceasefire (HU)

A

A ceasefire was signed on 10th November 1956.

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60
Q

Capture of the Hungarian Radio (HU)

A

By 8.10 am they had destroyed the Hungarian army and captured Hungarian Radio. The last words broadcast were ‘Help! Help! Help”!’

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61
Q

Communism in Hungary (HU)

A

Although non-communists won the 1945 election, by 1948 the communists had taken over in Hungry.

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62
Q

Rakosi (HU)

A

The Hungarian leader, Matyas Rakosi, was a hard-line communist fully in agreement with Moscow.

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63
Q

Death of Stalin (HU)

A

Stalin died in 1953

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64
Q

March 1953 Rakosi replaced (HU)

A

March 1953 Rakosi replaced

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65
Q

April 1953 Nagy replaced (HU)

A

Nagy is replaced by Rakosi as Hungary’s Prime Minister.

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66
Q

Khrushchev (HU)

A

Became leader of the USSR after Stalin died.

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67
Q

Poverty (HU)

A

Hungarians were poor, most of the food and industrial goods Hungary produced was sent to Russia.

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68
Q

Soviet Control (HU)

A

The Hungarians were very patriotic, and they hated Soviet control.

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69
Q

Catholic Church (HU)

A

The Hungarians were religious, but the Communist Party had banned religion, and put the leader of the Catholic Church in prison.

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70
Q

Russian Language (HU)

A

The Russian language was forced upon the people. Hungarian street signs being replaced with Russian versions, and Russian being imposed as the language in schools.

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71
Q

AVH (HU)

A

The secret police in Hungary.

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72
Q

Soviet troops in Hungary (HU)

A

Thousands of Soviet troops and officials were stationed in Hungary. This drained the Hungarian economy, creating economic hardship for ordinary people.

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73
Q

No freedom of speech (HU)

A

Hungarians had no freedom of speech. The AVH created a climate of fear, arresting anyone who spoke out against communism.

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74
Q

Support from the west (HU)

A

Hungarians thought that the United Nations or president Eisenhower would help them.

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75
Q

Khrushchev’s Secret Speech (HU)

A

In February 1956 Khrushchev, made an important speech. This has become known as Khrushchev’s ‘secret speech’. He denounced many of Stalin’s crimes and human rights abuses and outlined his de-Stalinisation policy.

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76
Q

De-stalinisation (HU)

A

A social process of removing the influence of Joseph Stalin by revising his policies and removing monuments dedicated to him and renaming places named in his honour.

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77
Q

Impact on Khrushchev’s speech

A

De-stalinisation encouraged people in the Eastern European countries to think that greater freedoms might be possible. In June 1956 the Hungarian people began to protest against Rakosi’s regime.

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78
Q

Eisenhower (WP)

A

Became president of the USA in 1953

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79
Q

Kruschev (WP)

A

Became premier of the Soviet Union in 1953.

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80
Q

The Warsaw Pact

A

The Warsaw was a soviet military alliance.

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81
Q

Aims of the Warsaw Pact

A

To resist an attack on the Soviet bloc by the USA or its NATO allies.

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82
Q

Countries in the Warsaw Pact

A

USSR, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, East Germany (GDR), Albania

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83
Q

Impact of the Warsaw Pact on relations

A

There was now two rival alliance systems in the Cold War, increase rivalry between East and West and intensified the arms race.

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84
Q

Arms Race

A

Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons

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85
Q

1945 The Atomic Bomb USA

A

1945 The atomic bomb 2 atomic bombs are dropped on Japanese cities by the USA.

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86
Q

1949 Atomic Bomb USSR

A

1949 The USSR tests its first atomic bomb

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87
Q

1952 H Bomb USA

A

1952 The first H (hydrogen) bomb is created by the USA.

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88
Q

1954 H Bomb USSR

A

In 1954 the USSR created the H Bomb.

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89
Q

Development of bombs

A

The superpowers were not just developing new bombs, they were also making more powerful bombs. A singular hydrogen bomb in the 1950s could destroy and entire city

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90
Q

Super power arms spending between 1949-1953

A

Super power arms spending: 1949 USA $13.5 billion, USSR $13.4 billion. By 1953 the USA were spending $49.6 billion on weapons per year. and Soviet Union $25.5 billion.

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91
Q

ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile)

A

A missile with a minimum range of more than 5,500 kilometres primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more nuclear warheads). By 1961 the USA had 63, the Soviet Union had 50+.

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92
Q

SLBM (submarine-launched ballistic missiles)

A

Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) is a ballistic missile capable of being launched from submarines. By 1961 the USA had 96, the Soviet Union had 0.

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93
Q

MRBM (WP)

A

Medium Range Ballistic Missiles. Typically these have ranges below IRBMs, between 1,000km and 3,000km. Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles had a range between 3,000 and 5,000 KM). By 1961 the USA had 80, the Soviet Union had 200 MRBM/IRBMs.

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94
Q

Long-Range Bombers (WP)

A

Long-range B-52 bombers could fly across continents to drop nuclear bombs. By 1961 the USA had 600, the Soviet Union had 190.

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95
Q

Impact on international relations (WP)

A

The Soviet Union was behind the USA in nuclear development, but could still destroy the USA. Churchill describe the global situation as a ‘balance of terror’.

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96
Q

Relationship between Khrushchev and Eisenhower (BC)

A

There was a begrudging respect between Khrushchev and Eisenhower, due partly to Eisenhower’s reputation as a military leader during World War Two.

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97
Q

Living standards (BC)

A

Living standards in East Berlin were lower than in the West such as: wages, freedom of speech and consumer goods.

98
Q

Refugee problem in Berlin (BC)

A

2.7 million East Germans had escaped communism and East Germany through East Berlin into West Berlin between 1949-61.

99
Q

Economic collapse of East Germany (BC)

A

East Germany were losing many skilled workers - doctors, engineers. This drain of labour and economic output threatened the economy of East Germany.

100
Q

Khrushchev’s Ultimatum (1958) (BC)

A

In 1958, Khrushchev declared the whole of Berlin was part of East Germany and issued an ultimatum to the USA, giving them 6 months to leave.

101
Q

Malignant tumour West Berlin (BC)

A

Khrushchev declared West Berlin a ‘malignant tumour’. A malignant tumour is a tumour that interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells.

102
Q

Eisenhower’s response (BC)

A

Eisenhower did not want to give in to Khrushchev’s demands, and believed a military presence was necessary to protect West Berlin’s freedom. It was agreed to hold a summit meetings

103
Q

Camp David Summit 1959 (BC)

A

No agreement on the long-term fate of Berlin was reached, the ultimatum on Berlin was withdrawn by Khrushchev, and it was agreed that further negotiations would take place in Paris the following year.

104
Q

Paris Summit 1960 (BC)

A

Meeting planned in May 1960 Paris for Eisenhower and Khrushchev to discuss the Berlin issue. 9 days before the Paris Summit was due to start a U-2 spy plane was shot down by the USSR. In the preliminary meetings, Khrushchev stormed out of the first session. The Paris Summit never happened. The relationship between the USA and the USSR deteriorated even further.

105
Q

President Kennedy (BC)

A

Became president in 1961.

106
Q

Vienna Summit 1961 (BC)

A

January 1961 Kennedy met with Khrushchev in Vienna. Khrushchev thought Kennedy was weak and inexperienced and so again issued his ultimatum that the US should leave West Berlin within 6 months.

107
Q

Kennedy’s response. (BC)

A

Kennedy refused and increased military spending by $3.2 billion and spent $207 million on nuclear bunkers

108
Q

Night of 12th August 1961 (BC)

A

In the night of 12 August 1961 East German troops had constructed a barbed wire fence around the whole of West Berlin.

109
Q

13th August 1961 (BC)

A

Khrushchev closed the border between East and West Berlin.

110
Q

Access cut off between East and West Berlin (BC)

A

Soviet tanks were used to cut off access to West Berlin.

111
Q

Streets on the border (BC)

A

Streets near the border between East and West Berlin were torn up by East German troops.

112
Q

Length of the Berlin Wall

A

27 miles

113
Q

USA response to the Berlin Wall

A

Alarmed by the building of the Berlin Wall, President Kennedy sent his Vice-President, Lyndon Baines Johnson, and US General, Lucius D Clay to Berlin.

114
Q

Breaking of the Yalta agreements (BC)

A

By constructing the Berlin Wall the Soviets had broken agreements made at the Yalta Conference.

115
Q

Adaptations to the Berlin Wall

A

The barbed wire was replaced by a concrete wall, lookout towers.

116
Q

Armed guards (BC)

A

Armed guards who had orders to shoot anyone trying to cross into the Western sector.

117
Q

Standoff at Checkpoint Charlie (BC)

A

On 27th October 1961 the US stationed tanks on its side of Checkpoint Charlie. Fearing the US tanks might try to break down the Wall, the Soviets tanks pulled up to their side of Checkpoint Charlie. All day long the two sides, faced each other in a tense stand-off. The standoff last for 18 hours until both sides would slowly withdrew their tanks and soldiers.

118
Q

Checkpoint Charlie (BC)

A

The crossing point, manned by US military personnel, between East and West Berlin after the building of the Berlin Wall.

119
Q

Further adaptations to the wall

A

The new wall was 3.6 metres high and 1.2 metre thick. There were also flood lights and trip-wire machine guns added.

120
Q

Escaping after the Berlin Wall

A

Some people tunnelled underground, swam along the Berlin Teltow Canal, others jumped out of windows near the wall.

121
Q

Impact on relations between the USA and USSR (BC)

A

Ended the refugee crisis and the immediate possibility of war. Kennedy was happy, the Berlin Crisis had been solved without war breaking out.

122
Q

Impact on Germans (BC)

A

Many families were split as some lived in East Berlin, others lived in West. Germans also felt let down as the Soviet Union had broken the 1949 agreement about the running of Berlin.

123
Q

Kennedy visits Berlin 1963 (BC)

A

In 1963, Kennedy visited Berlin. He spoke to a crowd of 200,000 and made his famous speech and said, ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’. He was trying to commit the USA to supporting the people of Berlin.

124
Q

Kennedy’s strengths (CMC)

A

Kennedy was seen to have won the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the perception was that Khrushchev backed down. Kennedy had kept his election promise and stood up to the USSR, and kept nuclear missiles out of Cuba.

125
Q

Khrushchev’s victory (CMC)

A

Khrushchev saw the Cuban Missiles Crisis as a victory. He believed he saved Cuba from invasion.

126
Q

Detente (CMC)

A

A period of relaxation in tensions between the USA and USSR.

127
Q

Weakness of Khrushchev (CMC)

A

Many people in the USSR saw Khrushchev as weak, as he appeared to have given in to Kennedy’s demands. He was removed from power in 1964.

128
Q

Test Ban Treaty (1963) (CMC)

A

Both the USA and the USSR realised they had been on the brink of nuclear war and entered into talks. These talks led to the 1963 Test Ban Treaty which began the process of ending the testing of nuclear weapons.

129
Q

SALT 1 (CMC)

A

Both sides to entered the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) later in the 1960s. At SALT 1 it was agreed that neither Superpower would build any more Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs).

130
Q

Hotline set up (CMC)

A

In order to ensure easier communication between Washington DC and Moscow in the event of future conflict, a hotline was installed giving a direct phone link between the White House and the Kremlin.

131
Q

Trade between the USSR and USA (CMC)

A

USA sold grain to the USSR in 1963, although some countries felt Kennedy had acted on his own.

132
Q

Outer Space Treaty (CMC)

A

An international agreement, signed by the United States and the Soviet Union that stated not to place nuclear weapons in space.

133
Q

French withdrawal from NATO (CMC)

A

Some countries did not approve of Kennedy’s actions during the Cuban Missile Crisis. French withdrew from the military side of NATO in 1966.

134
Q

Missile launch sites on Cuba (CMC)

A

On 14th October 1962, an American spy plane flying over Cuba took pictures that showed Soviet missile launch sites.

135
Q

American missiles in Europe (CMC)

A

America already had missiles in Turkey, in range of the Soviet Union. It was the start of a crisis that took the world to the brink of a nuclear holocaust.

136
Q

Kennedy’s reaction to missile bases (CMC)

A

Kennedy set up a committee of 12 advisers, including his brother. They decided to place a naval blockade around Cuba.

137
Q

Naval Blockade of Cuba (CMC)

A

The USA placed a naval blockade around Cuba to prevent any Soviet ships delivering military materials. The blockade stretched 3,300km.

138
Q

US armed forces preparations for action (CMC)

A

A fleet of Porlaris Submarines were made ready for action, 156 ICBMs were made ready for combat.

139
Q

Kennedy’s Television Address (CMC)

A

22nd October 1961 Kennedy told the US public about the blockade.

140
Q

Khrushchev’s warning to the USA (CMC)

A

Khrushchev warned that the Soviet Union would see the blockade as an act of war.

141
Q

Soviet ships turn around (CMC)

A

18 Soviet ships approaching Cuba turn around to avoid confrontation with the blockade. Kennedy demanded the remove of all missiles. Failure to do so would result in the US invasion of Cuba.

142
Q

Khrushchev’s first telegram (CMC)

A

The first offered to dismantle the Cuban bases if Kennedy lifted the blockade and promised not to invade Cuba.

143
Q

Khrushchev’s second telegram (CMC)

A

Khrushchev sent a second telegram. He promised to remove the missiles if the USA removed their missiles Turkey.

144
Q

U2 spy plane (CMC)

A

During negotiations an American U2 spy plane was shot down by the USSR.

145
Q

Kennedy’s response to the U2 attack (CMC)

A

Kennedy ignored the attack, and agreed publicly to the first telegram, and secretly to the second.

146
Q

Kennedy’s warning to Khrushchev (CMC)

A

The USA warned if there was no positive Soviet response by 29th October, the USA would invade Cuba.

147
Q

Khrushchev accepted the deal (CMC)

A

Khrushchev accepted the offer. The USA removed their missiles from Turkey, but this took place well after the removal of the missiles on Cuba.

148
Q

Socialist Revolution (CMC)

A

In 1959 Cuba had a socialist revolution and became communist.

149
Q

1959 Fidel Castro (CMC)

A

Fidel Castro took power of Cuba

150
Q

Distance between Cuba and the USA (CMC)

A

90 miles

151
Q

Trade embargo placed on Cuba (CMC)

A

The USA refused to deal with the new government. The US stopped all aid to Cuba, and all imports of Cuban sugar.

152
Q

Cuba trades with USSR (CMC)

A

Castro asked the Soviet Union for help and they became trading partners. Cuban sugar was traded for Soviet oil.

153
Q

CIA assassination (CMC)

A

The CIA trained to assassinate Castro but had no success.

154
Q

Bay of Pigs (April 1961) (CMC)

A

The CIA convinced President Kennedy that a US-backed invasion of Cuba to overthrow Castro could solved the problem. The CIA trained, armed and transported 1,300 Cuban exiles to invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs.

155
Q

La Brigada (CMC)

A

Cuban exiles who were secretly trained and armed by the CIA

156
Q

Castro’s knowledge (CMC)

A

Castro knew of the invasion and had 20,000 Cuban troops ready to meet them.

157
Q

Failure of Bay of Pigs (CMC)

A

The invasion failed, 100 of La Brigada were killed and 1100 were imprisoned. Kennedy was humiliated.

158
Q

La Brigada prisoners released (CMC)

A

La Brigada prisoners were released in December 1963 after $53 million worth of food and medicines was given to Cuba by organisations and people in the USA.

159
Q

Gustáv Husák (IOC)

A

The communist leader who took over for Dubcek after the Soviets invaded in 1968

160
Q

Husák changes to Dubcek’s reforms (IOC)

A

Husák reversed Dubček’s reforms and Czechoslovakia remained a communist country inside the Warsaw Pact.

161
Q

Brezhnev Doctrine (IOC)

A

Policy which declared that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene if any Eastern European country tried to leave Communism.

162
Q

Demonstrations (IOC)

A

Demonstrations against the Soviet invasion continued until April 1969.

163
Q

Jan Palach (IOC)

A

A student who sets himself on fire in Prague in protest against the invasion in January 1969

164
Q

Funeral of Jan Palach (IOC)

A

The funeral of Jan Palach was attending by thousands. Palach became a sign of soviet resistance in Europe.

165
Q

Dubcek (IOC)

A

Dubcek was not executed, but was sent as an ambassador to Turkey, and then was forced to resign from the communist party.

166
Q

United Nations response (IOC)

A

In the United Nations, a number of countries voted for a resolution condemning the Soviet intervention, the resolution failed due to the USSR’s veto.

167
Q

Impact of superpower relations (IOC)

A

The USA publicly condemned the invasion, but offered no military support for Czechoslovakia.

168
Q

US response (IOC)

A

The USA accepted that the Soviets were taking this action in their own sphere of influence. The USA believed that if they acted behind the Iron Curtain, the USSR would see this ‘act of war’. The USA was also occupied with the Vietnam War.

169
Q

Communist parties in Italy and France (IOC)

A

Communist parties in both Italy and France were outraged by the invasion and declared themselves independent from the Soviet Communist Party.

170
Q

Eurocommunism (IOC)

A

Following a loss of support from the communist parties of Italy and France, the Soviet Union developed their own form of European communism known as Eurocommunism .

171
Q

Romania (IOC)

A

Refused to send troops to join the forces invading Czechoslovakia.

172
Q

Albania (IOC)

A

Refused to send troops to join the forces invading Czechoslovakia. Albania left the Warsaw Pact in 1968.

173
Q

June 1968 (IOC)

A

Soviet tanks stayed in Czechoslovakia after a Warsaw Pact military exercise.

174
Q

July 1968 Meeting in Warsaw (IOC)

A

Brezhnev met with leaders of the Warsaw Pact countries in Warsaw. He shared his concerns over Prague.

175
Q

1968 Bratislava Declaration (IOC)

A

Brezhnev met with Dubcek and members of the Warsaw Pact and signed the Bratislava Declaration, stating their faith to communism.

176
Q

Night of the 20 August 1968 (IOC)

A

On the night of the 20 August 1968 a ‘tourist’ flight from the USSR landed at Prague airport.. On board were 52 KGB officials who then took over the Control Tower so that they could help land airborne divisions of Warsaw Pact forces. Though 5 members of the Warsaw Pact were involved, most troops and tanks were supplied by the USSR.

177
Q

Blocked radar stations (IOC)

A

The Soviet Union blocked NATO radar stations in West Germany, so the arrival of such a large number of troops was a surprise.

178
Q

KGB - Secret Police (IOC)

A

The KGB (from the Russian Komitet gosudarstvennoĭ bezopasnosti) was the secret police of the USSR from 1954, until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.

179
Q

Invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968)

A

20-21st August 1968 500,000 of Soviet troops , back by units from Bulgaria, East Germany, Hungary and Poland entered Czechoslovakia.

180
Q

Response from protesters (IOC)

A

Protesters threw patrol bombs at the Soviet tanks as they moved through Prague. Buildings were set on fire and protesters assembled on Wenceslas Square.

181
Q

Barricades (IOC)

A

Barricades were set up in the streets. Students tore down street names to confuse the soviets. Some students even tried to climb on tanks and argue with the soviets.

182
Q

Flowers in soldiers hair. (IOC)

A

Protesters stood in front of the tanks, and put flowers in the soldiers’ hair.

183
Q

Anti soviet broadcasters (IOC)

A

Anti soviet broadcasters stayed on air by moving from one hiding place to another.

184
Q

Czechoslovakian Army (IOC)

A

There was no armed resistance from the Czechoslovakian army.

185
Q

Deaths (IOC)

A

Fewer than 100 people were killed during the invasion.

186
Q

Arrest of Dubcek (IOC)

A

Dubcek and three other leaders were arrested and sent to Moscow.

187
Q

Communism in Czechoslovakia

A

Czechoslovakia was a satellite state, it was controlled by the USSR.

188
Q

Czechoslovakia under Antonin Novotny

A

Communist rule was very unpopular under the Czech leader Antonin Novotny.

189
Q

Antonin Novotny (IOC)

A

Leader of Czechoslovakia between 1957-1968

190
Q

Standards of living in Czechoslovakia

A

The economy and living standards had declined. Products were shipped to the USSR which were needed for the Czech economy.

191
Q

Czech farmers

A

Czech farmers had to follow Communist Party guidance on what to produce and efforts to modernise farming were discouraged.

192
Q

Support from the USA (IOC)

A

Some Czechs thought the USA would come to their assistance if they stood up to Moscow.

193
Q

Protests against Novotny (IOC)

A

In 1967 Czech students began peacefully demonstrating against Novotny’s rule.

194
Q

Novotny is replaced (IOC)

A

Novotny asked the Soviet leader, Brezhnev, for help to crackdown on the protests, but Brezhnev refused. In early 1968 Novotny by Alexander Dubcek.

195
Q

Dubcek (IOC)

A

Leader of Czechoslovakia during the Prague of Spring, he expanded freedom of discussion and other intellectual rights at a time when they were being repressed in the Soviet Union.

196
Q

“Socialism with a human face” (IOC)

A

In April 1968, Dubcek announced a plan to deliver ‘Socialism with a Human Face’ which, meant removing state control of the economy and allowing freedom of speech.

197
Q

Prague Spring (1968)

A

His reforms are known as the ‘Prague Spring’. Censorship was relaxed meaning more freedom of speech and writing. Aspects of democracy and capitalism introduced. The powers of the secret police were reduced

198
Q

Leaving the Warsaw Pact

A

Dubcek never threatened to leave the Warsaw Pact as he knew what had happened to Nagy.

199
Q

Carter Doctrine (1980)

A

Stated the USA would use military force if necessary to defend the national interests of the Persian Gulf.

200
Q

State of the Union Address January 1980 (SI)

A

In January 1980 the US President, Jimmy Carter, announced in his State of the Union Address that the US was extending its policy of containment to the Middle East.

201
Q

Support to the Mujahideen (SI)

A

Assistance would be given to the Mujahideen who fought against the Soviet invaders.

202
Q

Military Aid (SI)

A

The Carter Doctrine also promised US Military Aid to all of the countries bordering Afghanistan.

203
Q

Rapid Deployment Force (SI)

A

Created by Carter to respond to crisis in foreign places immediately.

204
Q

Cancellation of trade with the USSR (SI)

A

The USA cancelled all shipments of grain to the Soviet Union.

205
Q

Ban on technology trade (SI)

A

US companies were banned from selling high technology, such as computers and oil drilling equipment.

206
Q

Moscow Olympics Boycott (SI)

A

Carter announced a boycott to not to go to Olympics and got NATO to not go as well. The U.S. withdrew from the competition held in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. About 64 other nations withdrew for this and other reasons.

207
Q

Liberty Bell Classic (SI)

A

An alternative event to the Moscow Olympics.

208
Q

LA Olympics (SI)

A

The LA Olympics in 1984 were boycotted by 14 Eastern Bloc countries and the Soviet Union.

209
Q

Formal end of Detente (SI)

A

By 1980 Detente was over, relations between the superpowers was at the lowest point since the Cuban Missile Crisis.

210
Q

Gulag Bear (SI)

A

The USA media portrayed the Olympic mascot, Misha Bear as the ‘gulag bear’. Gulags were prison camps used by Stalin.

211
Q

27th April 1978 (SI)

A

The PDPA, a communist party overthrew the government of Afghanistan.

212
Q

Nur Muhammad Taraki (SI)

A

The new Prime Minster of Afghanistan.

213
Q

PDPA’s rule (SI)

A

During the first 18th months the PDPA imposed a communist system reform programme. They also imprisoned Muslim religious members and intellectuals.

214
Q

September 1979 Amin seized power (SI)

A

Amin seized power from Taraki. Afghanistan stayed communist, and there was continued instability due to anti-Muslim policies.

215
Q

Afghan Muslims joined the Mujahideen (SI)

A

Thousands of Afghan Muslims joined the Mujahideen which proclaimed to be on a holy mission for Allah. They wanted to overthrow Amin.

216
Q

Mujahideen (SI)

A

Islamic guerrilla fighters

217
Q

Soviet Military Assistant Programme (SI)

A

The Soviet Military Assistant Programme supported Amin’s regime and provided military equipment and advisers.

218
Q

Brezhnev’s concerns (SI)

A

Brezhnev was concerned about the growing power and spread of Islamic Fundamentalism.

219
Q

Soviet Union involvement in Afghanistan

A

Afghanistan bordered some of the southern Soviet republics of the USSR, making it easy for Moscow to support a communist-led government when it seized power in the country’s capital, Kabul, in April 1978.

220
Q

The Invasion (SI)

A

The Invasion

Between 25th December 1979-1st January 1980 more than 50,000 Soviet tripped were sent to Afghanistan.

221
Q

Aims of the invasion (SI)

A

Restore order, protect PDPA from the Mujahideen. Continue communism in Afghanistan.

222
Q

1978 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Goodneighbourliness (SI)

A

Brezhnev said the invasion was following the treaty signed by Taraki.

223
Q

27th December 1979 (SI)

A

Amin was shot and replaced by Kamal

224
Q

Rule of Kamal (SI)

A

The Afghan government relied heavily on Soviet Union support. Many Afghan soldiers deserted and joined the Mujahideen. 85,000 soldiers were required to keep the communists in power.

225
Q

Reasons for Detente

A

After the scare of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the 1970s saw the USA, the USSR making an effort to improve relations. This led to a period known as détente, a word meaning the relaxing of tension.

226
Q

Vietnam War

A

The Vietnam War did not increase hostility between the superpowers. America got involved in Vietnam to stop the spread of communism. Despite sending in troops in 1965 and excessive defence spending, they could not defeat the North Vietnamese and Vietcong.

227
Q

1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

A

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty stated that powers with nuclear weapons agreed not to give any other countries nuclear technology.

228
Q

Nixon’s visit to Moscow

A

Nixon visited Moscow in 1972, where he made it clear that he did not see the Vietnam War as an obstacle to the process of detente. Although the Soviet Union were supplying weapons to North Vietnam, who America were fighting against.

229
Q

SALT I

A

972 SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) was signed by Nixon and the Soviet leader, Leonid Brezhnev.

230
Q

Agreements of SALT I

A

The agreement stated there was a five year freeze on the total number of ICBMs and SLBMs. ABM systems were only allowed at two sites, each site could contain 100 missiles. ABMs were designed to detect, track, intercept and destroy attacking intercontinental ballistic missiles.

231
Q

The 1975 Helsinki Agreement

A

In 1975, the Helsinki Agreement was signed by 35 countries including the USA and the USSR. This recognise the European borders established after World War Two ,as well as to some basic human rights such as freedom of speech. This meant that the Western Allies recognised Soviet control over Eastern Europe. It also meant the Soviet Union had signed up to a basic human rights agreement.

232
Q

Agreements of SALT II

A

Limit of 2400 ICBMS, SLBMS and heavy bombers for each side. A limit of 1329 MIRV systems for each side. Ban on construction of new land based ICBM launchers. SALT II was to last until 1985.

233
Q

SALT II

A

SALT II began in 1974, and the treaty was signed in June 1979.

234
Q

End of Detente

A

Detente was broken when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in December 1979.

235
Q

Second Cold War

A

A period of East-West tension in the 1980s.

236
Q

Tehran conference

A

1943 Big 3-WC, FDR, JS: disagree on German reparations, idea of the UN
USSR to wage war on Japan after Gmy
Percentages Agreement

237
Q

Yalta Conference

A

1945 Big 3, divide up gmy(+Berlin), eastern europe as “sphere of influence” (Stalin wanted Poland “for protection”), disagreements of ideology

238
Q

Potsdam Conference

A

1945 Truman, Stalin, Atlee- future of Germany (4 zones, demilitarised, ban Nazis, democracy), most reparations to USSR (20 mil Russians killed), Polish borders extended to USSR.
Truman wanted free elections for Germany, Stalin said no

239
Q

Hiroshima/Nagasaki

A

August 1945 20+22 kiloton atomic bomb kills 80k+70k

240
Q
A

History (4 decks)

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