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General Biology I > Chapter 3.2.4 Kingdom Animalia Part 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 3.2.4 Kingdom Animalia Part 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the two types of symmetry

A

radial symmetry
- top and bottom
- no front and back
- no left or right
bilateral symmetry
- top (dorsal) and bottom (ventral)
- front (anterior) and back (posterior)
- left and right side

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2
Q

what is cephalization in bilateral animals

A

evolutionary trend toward concentration of sensory equipment at anterior end of body (the head)

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3
Q

if an animal is sessile (live attached to substrate) or planktonic (drifting, weakly swimming), what type of symmetry fits its lifestyle

A

radial symmetry
- can meet environment equally from all sides

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4
Q

if an animal move more and with direction, what type of symmetry fits its lifestyle

A

bilateral symmetry

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5
Q

what differentiates ectoderm and endoderm

A

ectoderm
- germ layer covering surface of embryo
- outer covering of animal and sometimes central nervous system
endoderm
- innermost germ layer
- lines archenteron
- produces lining of digestive tract/cavity

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6
Q

what does diploblastic mean

A
  • animals with only ectoderm and endoderm
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7
Q

what does triploblastic mean

A
  • animals with 3 germs layers, mesoderm between ectoderm and endoderm
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8
Q

what is the function of mesoderm

A
  • forms muscles and organs between digestive tract and outer covering
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9
Q

what is the name of the body cavity that most triploblastic animals have

A

coelom
- fluid or air filled space between digestive tract and outer body wall

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10
Q

what do we call animals with true coelom completely lined with mesoderm

A

coelomates

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11
Q

what do we call animals with a body cavity formed from mesoderm and endoderm

A

pseudocoelomates

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12
Q

what do we call animals with no body cavity

A

acoelomates

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13
Q

what are the 3 main functions of body cavitites

A
  • fluid cushions suspended organs
  • fluid may act as a skeleton
  • allows internal organs to grow and act independently
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14
Q

difference in cleavage between protostome and deuterostome development

A

protostomes
1. cleavage
- display spiral, determinate (programmed to be a specific part) cleavage
deuterostomes
- display radial, indeterminate (not programmed to be anything specific) cleavage

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15
Q

difference in coelom formation between protostome and deuterostome development

A

protostomes
- solid masses of cells split to form body cavity/coelom
deuterostomes
- buds from wall of archenteron and cavity becomes coelom

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16
Q

difference in the fate of blastopore between protostomes and deuterostomes

A

protostomes
- mouth develops from blastopore
deuterostomes
- anus forms from blastopore

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17
Q

main characteristics of porifera sponges

A
  • asymmetrical or radially symmetrical
  • no true tissues
  • most are marine
  • sedentary
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18
Q

how does suspension feeding works

A
  • captured food particles are suspended in water and pass through their body
  • water enters spongocoel
  • water flows out of osculum
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19
Q

what are the different types of cells in sponges

A
  1. Choanocytes, line spongocoel
  2. Amoebocytes: intra cellular digestion

most are hermaphroditic

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20
Q

what are the cnidaria

A
  • hydras, jellyfish, corals
  • radial symmetry
  • diploblastic
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21
Q

what is the body plan of cnidaria

A

sac with gastrovascular cavity
- one opening to cavity (incomplete digestion (doesn’t have 2 holes))
- simple nervous system

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22
Q

what are the two major body forms of cnidaria and their characteristics

A

Polyp
- extend tentacles and wait for prey
- mouth up
- adhere to substrate (any surface) with aboral end (bottom end)

Medusa
- tentacles dangle from oral surface
- moves passively or contracts body
- mouth down

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23
Q

true of false some cnidaria can have both polyp and medusa body forms in their life cycle

A

true

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24
Q

what are the uses of tentacles

A
  • to capture prey
  • direct food toward opening of gastrovascular cavity
  • defense
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25
Q

what are cnidocytes

A

specialized cells with nematocyst
- organelle housing stinging thread
- can be discharged and explode outward
- puncture or inject poison

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26
Q

main characteristics of platyhelminthes

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • triploblastic
  • acoelomates
  • damp environments
  • free living parasitic groups
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27
Q

what explains the flattened shape of platyhelminthes

A
  • all their cells are close to water (environment)
  • allows gas exchange and elimination of waste by diffusion across body surface
    (flat shape maximizes surface area for efficient exchange)
  • gastrovascular cavity, in flat body food doesn’t have to travel a lot, it branches to animal’s cells
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28
Q

true or false playhelminthes does complete digestion

A

false, incomplete
gastrovascular cavity with one opening

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29
Q

what are the three main groups of platyhelminthes

A
  1. planarians
  2. flukes
  3. tapeworms
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30
Q

characteristics or planarians

A
  • free living
  • eyespots
  • simple nervous system
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31
Q

characteristics of flukes

A
  • parasitic
  • require different hosts for different life cycle
  • alternating sexual and asexual stages
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32
Q

main characteristics of tapeworms

A
  • parasitic inside vertebrates
  • no mouth or gastrovascular cavity, absorb nutrients across body wall
  • have scolex (suckers for attachment)
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33
Q

how do tapeworms reproduce

A

sections called proglottids (reproductive structures) detach from parent and leaves host

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34
Q

characteristics of nematoda

A

roundworms
- bilateral symmetry
- triploblastic
- pseudocoelomates
- protostomes
- complete digestive tract
- no circulatory system

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35
Q

main characteristics of annelids

A

segmented worms
- bilateral symmetry
- triploblastic coelomates
- protostomes
- complete digestive system
- damp environment

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36
Q

digestion in annelids

A

crop
- stores food
gizzard
- grinds food
intestine
- digestion and absorption

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37
Q

does annalids have a close or open circulatory system

A

closed
- dorsal vessel above digestive tube

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38
Q

what is interstitial fluid called in an open circulatory system

A

hemolymph

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39
Q

how does annelids separate their interstitial fluid and their blood

A

with their close circulatory system

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40
Q

what are mollusks and their main info

A
  • Bilateral symmetric
  • Triploblastic
  • True coelomates
  • Protostome
  • Have a complete digestive tract (gut)
  • Soft bodied (secrete calcium carbonate for shell)
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41
Q

characteristics of the body plan of mollusks

A
  • muscular foot for movement
  • visceral mass (internal organs) on top
  • have organ called mantle to secrete shell
42
Q

purpose of mantle cavity

A

contains gills, anus and excretory pores

43
Q

do most mollusks have open or close circulatory system

A

open circulatory system
- except for squid and octopuses

44
Q

what are arthropods

A
  • includes insects, crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes, millipedes
  • exist in almost all habitats
  • very abundant (2/3 of all known species)
45
Q

main characteristics of arthropods

A
  • hard exoskeleton (made from chitin)
  • bilateral symmetry
  • triploblastic
  • coelomate
  • protostome
46
Q

what are the benefits of jointed appendages (arthropoda)

A

specialization
- walking
- feeding
- sensory reception
- reproduction
- defense

47
Q

what type of circulatory system do arthropods have

A

open circulatory system
- so have hemolymph

48
Q

what are the three ways arthropods does respiration

A
  1. book lungs in arachnids
    - stacked plate-like structures in internal chamber
  2. gills in crustaceans
    eg. lobsters
  3. tracheal tubes in insects (branched throughout whole body)
    - chitin lined tubes bring oxygen to cells
    - spiracles (opening to the tracheal tube system
49
Q

what are echinoderms

A
  • include sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
  • triploblastic
  • deuterostome
  • slow moving or sessile (let environment move them)
50
Q

what is the water vascular system in echinoderms

A

network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet

51
Q

purpose of the water vascular system in echinoderms

A
  • feeding
  • locomotion
52
Q

what are the 4 features chordates had to have at some point in their development

A
  1. notochord
    - longitudinal flexible rod
    - purpose: structural skeleton, flexible structure for muscles to work against for swimming
    - most vertebrates’ skeleton develops around it
  2. dorsal hollow nerver cord
    - develops into central nervous system
  3. pharyngeal slits
    - slits open to outside of body
    - all chordate embryos have these
    - allows water to enter and leave without passing through digestive tract
  4. post-anal tail
    - tail extending posterior to anus
    - helps propel aquatic species
    - reduced in embryonic development for most species
53
Q

what are the characteristics of tracheal systems

A
  • in insects
  • made up of air tubes that branch throughout body
54
Q

true or false some insects can ventilate by compressing muscles

A

true (flight)

55
Q

main characteristics of lungs

A
  • localized respiratory organs (not throughout entire body)
  • not in direct contact with other parts of the body
  • evolved in animals with open circulatory systems
56
Q

explain what is positive pressure breathing in amphibians

A
  1. air is drawn thru nostrils as floor of oral cavity lowers
  2. nostrils and floor of oral cavity rises forcing air down trachea
  3. exhalation occurs as elastic lungs recoil and body wall compresses
57
Q

explain the respiratory systems of birds

A
  1. air fills posterior air sacs
  2. posterior air sacs push air into lungs
  3. air leaves lungs and moves into anterior air sacs
  4. anterior air sacs push air out of body
58
Q

explain the first step of the respiratory system of mammals

A

Air enters nostrils
- filtered by hairs
- warmed and humidified
- sampled for odours

59
Q

why is humidified air better than dry air for mammals

A

dry air is going to be pulling moisture out of our lungs and we would have to spent more ressources to replace

60
Q

what is the pharynx

A

path for air and food to cross

61
Q

what is the larynx

A

region where vocal cords are located

62
Q

what is the trachea

A

composed of rings of cartilage that keeps it open

63
Q

what are the branchings of the trachea branches

A

trachea branches split into 2 bronchi (each leading to a lung), each bronchi then branch into bronchioles and at the tips of the tiniest bronchioles there are alveoli (airs sacs where gas exchange occurs)

64
Q

what happens during negative pressure breathing

A

thoracic cavity area increases
- diaphragm contracts
- rib cage expands
- lower air pressure inside lungs compared to outside
- air enter lungs

muscles relaxed for exhalation
- thoracic cavity becomes smaller
- higher pressures in lungs compare to outside
- air leaves

65
Q

what are the 4 stages of food processing

A
  1. ingestion
    2.digestion
  2. absorption
  3. elimination
66
Q

what is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion

A

mechanical
- chewing
chemical
- use of enzymes for hydrolysis

67
Q

what are the two compartments the processing of food can occur in

A
  1. intracellular
    - food vacuoles
    - cell must first engulf solid food by phagocytosis
  2. extracellular
    - digestive organs and systems
    - most animals
68
Q

animals that doesn’t have complete digestion have a digestive compartment with one opening called

A

gastrovascular cavity
- digestion
- distribution of nutrients throughout body

69
Q

what are called the food storage and grinding body parts that earthworms and birds both have

A

crops for storage
gizzards for grinding

70
Q

what do insects have for digestion and absorption

A

gastric cecae (pouches)

71
Q

name the accessory glands in the digestive system

A
  • 3 pairs of salivary glands
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gallbladder (secretes bile)
72
Q

where does secretion of saliva for chemical digestion occur

A

mouth

73
Q

what is the purpose of the epiglottis

A

it covers glottis to prevent food from entering larynx

74
Q

what organ does the esophagus connects to

A

the stomach

75
Q

what is the purpose of stomatch

A
  • stores food
  • starts digestion of proteins
  • secretes gastric juice
76
Q

where does most of the digestion occur in the small intestine

A
  • in the first 25 cm, part is called duodenum
77
Q

what organs does the large intestine include

A

colon, ceacum and rectum

78
Q

why is the ceacum important

A

for digesting plant material

79
Q

purpose of rectum

A

to store feces until elimination

80
Q

what the main role of large intestine

A

to reabsorb water through the colon

81
Q

where does most enzymatic hydrolysis occur

A

in the small intestine

82
Q

what are some examples of phylum that diffuses substances to their cells because of their very thin cell layer

A

cnidaria and platyhelminthes

83
Q

what are the three components to a circulatory system

A
  1. circulatory fluid
  2. interconnecting vessels
  3. muscular pump (eg. heart)
84
Q

what is the circulatory fluid confined to vessels in a closed circulatory system called

A

blood

85
Q

what is the meaning of single circuit in a heart

A

the blood passes through heart only once in each complete circuit

86
Q

what are the two disadvantages of 2 chambered heart

A
  1. unstable blood pressure in rest of the body as blood passes through gill capillaries
  2. heart relies on deoxygenated blood
87
Q

what is the advantage of a 2 chambered heart

A

the metabolic needs are not high

88
Q

what is the meaning of double circuit in hearts

A
  • there is separation between oxygenated and non oxygenated blood
  • blood passes through the heart twice per cycle
89
Q

what type of circulatory system do fishes have

A
  • single circuit
  • 2 chambers
90
Q

what type of circulatory system do amphibians & reptiles have

A
  • double circuit
  • 3 chambers
91
Q

what type of circulatory system do birds & mammals have

A
  • double circuit
  • 4 chambers
92
Q

why are respiratory surfaces large and thin

A
  • to maximize surface area (large)
  • and to minimize distance (thin)
93
Q

how do earthworms and amphibians breathe

A

through their skin

94
Q

what class of animals use positive pressure breathing

A

amphibians

95
Q

what class of animals does not mix oxygen rich and oxygen poor air to breathe

A

birds

96
Q

what class of animals mix oxygen rich and oxygen poor air together to breathe

A

mammals

97
Q

what is the purpose of alveoli

A

air sacs responsible for gas exchange

98
Q

define ectotherm

A

“cold-blooded” animals that require external sources such as sunlight to regulate internal temperature

99
Q

why do reptile eggs have leathery shell and bird eggs have calcareous shell

A

to prevent desiccation (drying)

100
Q

purpose of feathers

A
  • flying
  • insulation
  • mating

made out of keratin

101
Q

are birds endotherm or ectotherm, what is endotherm

A

endotherm, meaning they use their own metabolic heat to maintain body temperature

102
Q

what are the three different lineages of mammals

A
  1. monotremes
    - lay eggs
    - no nipple
  2. marsupials
    - complete development in pouch
    - nipples
  3. eutherians
    - embryonic development completed in uterus
    - more complex placenta

General Biology I (11 decks)

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