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BIO1111- Mary-Susan Pottsantone > Exam 2 (1) - Eukaryotic cell organelles > Flashcards

Exam 2 (1) - Eukaryotic cell organelles Flashcards

1
Q

What do Eukaryotic Cells contain?

A

-membrane bound nucleus
- specialized membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

Genome

A

genetic material of the cell ( mostly DNA)

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3
Q

What is true about the genome?

A

It is the same in all cells of an organism.

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4
Q

Proteome

A

Types and amounts of proteins in any cell at any given time under certain conditions.

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5
Q

What is true about the proteome?

A

Different between cells. and can change throughout time.

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6
Q

Why is compartmentalization important?

A
  • allows for the cells to be larger
  • isolates chemical reactions
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7
Q

What ae the two classes of organelles?

A
  • Nucleus and Endomembrane system
  • Semiautonomous/ Energy Related organelles
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8
Q

Nucleus and Endomembrane system

A
  • organelles can communicate with each other
    - via membrane channels
    - small vesicles –> PLB
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9
Q

Semi Autonomous

A
  • mitochondria and chloroplast
  • independant
  • somewhat self sufficient
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10
Q

How are the Semi Autonomous somewhat self sufficent?

A
  • some own DNA
  • Some own genes
  • replicate themselves - binary fission
  • make some own proteins
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11
Q

What are the parts of the Chloroplast?

A
  • Inner membrane
  • Outer membrane
  • Thylakoid
  • grana
    -Chlorophyll
  • stroma
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12
Q

Inner membrane

A
  • highly folded
  • folds into thylakoids
  • chlorophyll found here
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13
Q

outer membrane

A

smooth

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14
Q

thylakoid

A

made from inner membrane, contains chlorophyll

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15
Q

chlorophyll

A

-green photosynthetic pigment, captures light E
- found in thylakoid/inner membrane foldings

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16
Q

grana

A
  • stacks of thylakoids
  • granum ( sg)
  • grana ( pl.)
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17
Q

stroma

A

-thylakoids suspended here
- semi fluid

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18
Q

Binary Fission

A

Get a big bigger and then split ( way to self reproduce)

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19
Q

Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

A

Two organisms ( mostly archaea bacteria) took up residence one inside the other. Over time leads to interdependence.

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20
Q

What is the chloroplast derived from?

A
  • Cyanobacteria - blue green algae
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21
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Capture light, convert it into chemical energy, convert into carbs

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22
Q

What are the parts of the Mitochondria?

A
  • Inner membrane
  • Outer Membrane
  • Cristae
  • Matrix
  • respiratory enzymes
23
Q

Inner membrane

A
  • highly folded
  • forms cristae
24
Q

outer membrane

A

smooth

25
Q

Cristae

A

innerfolding of inner membrane that encloses matrix

26
Q

Matrix

A

semi fluid containing respiratory enzymes

27
Q

what do the respiratory enzymes do?

A
  • cellular respiration
  • produce most ATP
  • makes,modifies, degrades cellular models
  • generate heat ( brown fat) babies
28
Q

What are mitochondria derived from?

A

Purple bacteria and a- Proteobacteria

29
Q

How many proteins can the mitochondria make?

A

About 25

30
Q

What size and shape are the mitochondria?

A

Can vary in shape, size, and number depending on the cell type.

31
Q

What are the cell types with the most mitochondria?

A

-Muscle
- Neurons
-Liver

32
Q

Nucleus - function and general structure

A
  • The command center of the cell
  • size and shape and number different depending on cell
33
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

34
Q

structure of the nuclear envelope

A

-double membrane
- nuclear pores

35
Q

what do the nuclear pores do?

A
  • exchange between neoplasm and cytoplasm
36
Q

what is the neoplasm?

A

semi-fluid stuff inside of the nucleus
- chromatin
- chromosomes

37
Q

What is the chromatin?

A

contains the DNA of genes –> condenses to form chromosomes

38
Q

What’s going on with the chromosomes?

A

In the nucleus of every single cell, there are 23 chromosomes.
- cells are diploid
- two copies of every gene ( mom and dad)
- a chromosome is made of 2 sister chromatids

39
Q

What is the structure and function of the Dark nucleolus?

A
  • composed of rRNA
  • produces subunits of ribosomes
40
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

rRNA and proteins

41
Q

Ribosome function? structure?

A

-protein synthesis
- both eukaryote and prokaryote
- large subunit and a small unit
- subunits made in nucleolus

42
Q

where are ribosomes located?

A
  • rough ER
  • free in cytoplasm, singly, polyribosomes
43
Q

what do polyribosomes do?

A

read mRNA
- docking for ribosomes–> ribosomes read mRNA –> ,make proteins

44
Q

What does the endomembrane system do? Components?

A

folding and packing
- a system of membrane-bound components
Includes:
- nuclear envelope
-membrane of ER
-Golgi apparatus
-vesicles
-plasma membrane - PLB

45
Q

Rough ER Structure? Function?

A

structure:
- studded w/ ribosomes

function:
- sorts proteins
- inserts proteins into ER membrane
- attaches carbs to proteins and lipids
–> Glycosylation

46
Q

Smooth ER Function? Structure?

A

Structure
- smooth w/o ribosomes
- made of cristae

function:
- metabolic roles
- detox
- synthesis and modification of lipids
- carb metabolism
- storage of Ca+ –> muscles and cell signaling

47
Q

Golgi apparatus structure? Function?

A

Structure:
- 3-20 flattened curved sacculus
- cis face –> toward the nucleus
- trans face–> within cell, export from cell)

function:
- modifies proteins and lipids
- packs stuff into vesicles
- receives vesicles on cis face
- ships things out from the trans face
-secretion, exocytosis

48
Q

Lysosomes structure? function?

A

structure:
-membrane-bound vesicles–> microbodies
- produced by Golgi Apparatus
-low ph 4.8
- lytic enzymes

function:
-digestion of large molecules
- recycling of cellular resources
( autophagy)
- apoptosis ( programmed cell death)

49
Q

What is Tay Sachs

A

Lysosomal storage disease

50
Q

Peroxisomes stucture? function?

A

structure:
- membrane-bound vesicles
- enclose enzymes
- uncertain origins, self-replicate ( no DNA)

functions:
- enzymes synthesis by free ribosomes in cytoplasm( instead of ER)
- active in lipid metabolism
- catalyze rxns. to make hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2) ( toxic)
- 2H2O2–> 2H2O + O2

51
Q

What is Zelleguar Syndrome?

A

lack of peroxisomes, very fatal death by 1 year old.

52
Q

What are Vacuoles? Structure?Function?

A

Structure:
- Membrane-bound sacs larger than vesicles
- seen in plants, fungi, protest

function:
- store material
- can be very specialized –> contractile vacuole

53
Q

How are vacuoles used in Plants?

A
  • central vacuole
  • 90% volume in plant
  • storage of water, nutrients, pigments. and wast products
  • turgor pressure –> osmosis

BIO1111- Mary-Susan Pottsantone (17 decks)

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