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PS275: key terms > Chapter 3: Hereditary Influences > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Hereditary Influences Flashcards

1
Q

Genotype and Phenotype

A

Genotype: genetic endowment that an individual inherits

Phenotype: the ways in which a person’s genotype is expressed in observable or measurable characteristics

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2
Q

Epigenetic

A

dynamic operation that changes a gene without altering the DNA sequence

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3
Q

zygote

A

a single cell formed at conception from the union of a sperm and an ovum.

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4
Q

chromosome

A

a threadlike structure of DNA that is made up of genes; in humans there are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in the nucleus of each body cell.

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5
Q

gene

A

hereditary instruction(s) for development that are transmitted from generation to generation.

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6
Q

DNA

A

long, double-stranded molecules that make up chromosomes

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7
Q

base pairs

A

complementary bases found on opposing sides or rungs of the double helix

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8
Q

Mitosis

A

the process in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes and then divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.

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9
Q

Chromatid

A

an original or a duplicate of a chromosome

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10
Q

Gonads

A

sexual organs that produce germ cells; testes in males and ovaries in females.

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11
Q

Meiosis

A

the process in which a germ cell divides, producing gametes (sperm or ova) that each contain half of the parent cell’s original complement of chromosomes; in humans, the products of meiosis contain 23 chromosomes.

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12
Q

crossing-over

A

a process in which genetic material is exchanged between maternal and paternal homologues during meiosis.

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13
Q

Homologue

A

an equivalent chromosome that is inherited from a mother and a father; in humans, we have 22 homologues and one X-Y pair.

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14
Q

independent assortment

A

the principle stating that each maternal and paternal pair of chromosomes independently segregates from all other chromosome pairs during meiosis.

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15
Q

Gametes

A

germ cells; sperm in males, ova in females.

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16
Q

autosomes

A

the 22 pairs of human chromosomes that are identical in males and females.

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17
Q

X, Y chromosomes

A

X chromosome: the longer of the two sex chromosomes; most females have two X chromosomes, whereas most males have but one.
Y chromosome: the shorter of the two sex chromosomes; most males have one
Y chromosome, whereas most females have none.

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18
Q

genome

A

the complete set of our genes; the Human Genome Project sought to map and understand all the genes of human beings.

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19
Q

alleles

A

alternative forms of a gene at a particular site on a chromosome.

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20
Q

simple dominant-recessive inheritance

A

a pattern of inheritance in which one allele dominates another so that only the dominant phenotype is expressed.

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21
Q

Dominant and Recessive Alleles

A

dominant alleles: a gene that is expressed phenotypically and masks the effect of a less powerful gene.

recessive alleles: a less powerful gene that is not expressed phenotypically when paired with a dominant allele.

22
Q

homozygous

A

having inherited two alleles for an attribute that are identical in their effects.

23
Q

heterozygous

A

having inherited two alleles for an attribute that have different effects.

24
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

a genetic blood disease that causes red blood cells to assume an unusual sickled shape and to become inefficient at distributing oxygen.

25
Q

sex-linked characteristics

A

an attribute determined by a recessive gene that appears on the X chromosome; more likely to characterize males.

26
Q

polygenic trait

A

a characteristic that is influenced by the action of many genes rather than a single pair.

27
Q

Congenital defect

A

a problem that is present (though not necessarily apparent) at birth; such defects may stem from genetic and prenatal influences or from complications of the birth process.

28
Q

mutation

A

a change in the chemical structure or arrangement of one or more genes that has the effect of producing a new phenotype.

29
Q

genetic counselling

A

a service designed to inform prospective parents about genetic diseases and to help them determine the likelihood that they would transmit such disorders to their children.

30
Q

amniocentesis

A

a method of extracting amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman so that fetal body cells within the fluid can be tested for chromosomal abnormalities and other genetic defects.

31
Q

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

an alternative to amniocentesis in which fetal cells are extracted from the placenta for prenatal tests. CVS can be performed earlier in pregnancy than is possible with amniocentesis.

32
Q

non-invasive prenatal
testing (NIPT)

A

an analysis of DNA in the placenta that reveals the genetic profile of the unborn child.

33
Q

ultrasound

A

method of detecting gross physical abnormalities by scanning the womb with sound waves, thereby producing a visual outline of the fetus.

34
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

a genetic disease in which the child is unable to metabolize phenylalanine; if left untreated, it soon causes hyperactivity and intellectual disability.

35
Q

behavioural genetics

A

the study of how genes and environment contribute to individual variations in development.

36
Q

heritability

A

the amount of variability in a trait that is attributable to hereditary factors.

37
Q

selective breeding

A

a method of studying genetic influences by determining whether traits can be bred in animals through selective mating.

38
Q

family studies

A

collecting data from multiple people in a family who may or may not be genetically related

39
Q

Kinship

A

the extent to which two individuals have genes in common.

40
Q

twin study

A

study in which sets of twins that differ in zygosity (kinship) are compared to determine the heritability of an attribute.

41
Q

adoption design

A

study in which adoptees are compared with their biological relatives and their adoptive relatives to estimate the heritability of an attribute or attributes.

42
Q

concordance rate

A

the percentage of cases in which a particular attribute is present for one member of a twin pair if it is present for the other.

43
Q

heritability coefficient

A

a numerical estimate, ranging from 0.00 to 11.00, of the amount of variation in an attribute that is attributable to hereditary factors.

44
Q

introversion/extroversion

A

the opposite poles of a personality dimension. Introverts are sensitive, retiring, and prefer their own company to that of others; extroverts are highly sociable and enjoy being with others.

45
Q

empathetic concern

A

a measure of the extent to which an individual recognizes the needs of others and is concerned about their welfare.

46
Q

neurotic disorder

A

an irrational pattern of thinking or behaviour that a person may use to contend with stress or to avoid anxiety.

47
Q

canalization

A

genetic restriction of phenotype to a small number of developmental outcomes; a highly canalized attribute is one for which genes channel development along predetermined pathways, so that the environment has little effect on the phenotype that emerges.

48
Q

range of reaction principle

A

the idea that genotype sets limits on the range of possible phenotypes that a person might display in response to different environments.

49
Q

passive genotype/environment interactions

A

the notion that the rearing environments that biological parents provide are influenced by the parents’ own genes, and hence are correlated with the child’s own genotype.

50
Q

evocative genotype/ environment interactions

A

the notion that our heritable attributes affect others’ behaviour toward us and thus influence the social environment in which development takes place.

51
Q

active genotype/environment interactions

A

the notion that our genotypes affect the types of environments that we prefer and seek out.

52
Q
A

PS275: key terms (8 decks)

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