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BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE FOR OSTEO 7 > RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

what is dyspnoea

A

a subjective feeling of breathlessness

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2
Q

what is haemoptysis

A

THE EXPECTORATION OF BLOOD OR BLOODY MUCUS

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3
Q

WHAT IS HYPERCAPNIA

A

AN INCREASED CARBON DIOXIDE LEVEL IN THE BLOOD CAUSED BY HYPOVENTILATION

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4
Q

WHAT IS HYPOXAEMIA

A

REDUCED O2 LEVEL IN TH EBLOOD

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5
Q

WHAT IS HYPOXIA

A

REDUCED O2 LEEL IN THE TISSUES

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6
Q

WHAT IS CYANOSIS

A

abolish discolouration of the skin and mucous membranes

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7
Q

what are breath sounds created by

A

turbulent airflow in the respiratory tree

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8
Q

what is stridor breathing

A

a harsh or grating sound

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9
Q

what diseases can affect the upper respiratory tract

A

common cold
viral sore throat
croup
influenza

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10
Q

what diseases can affect the lower respiratory tract

A

whooping cough
pneumonia
TB

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11
Q

who are URTI common in

A

children

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12
Q

what is infectious rhinitis also known as

A

common cold

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13
Q

what are the three most common viruses that cause the common cold

A

rhinovirus
adenovirus
echovirus

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14
Q

what is the pathophysiology of a common cold

A

virus invades nasal epithelium
acute inflammation of nasal mucosa occurs (inc vascular permeability) (inc mucosa secretion)
nasal congestion
can then spread to sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, otitis media

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15
Q

do cold viruses cause cellular death

A

no

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16
Q

what is a secondary bacterial infection

A

when mucus discharge turns into purulent discharge (green/ yellow/ smelly)

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17
Q

what is the best management for colds

A

rest, fluids, good food, symptom relief

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18
Q

are antibtx indicated for a cold `

A

no `

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19
Q

what complimentary therapies are recommended for colds

A

zinc, vit c, echinacea

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20
Q

what is seasonal influenza

A

highly contagious viral disease caused by type a influenza

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21
Q

can influenza be fatal in the immunosuppressed

A

yes

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22
Q

how is the flu transmitted

A

via infected droplets

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23
Q

what is the pathophysiology of the flu

A

virus binds ro respiratory epithelium
flu virus directs the host to multiply the virus through foreign genetic material
human cells are destroyed
necrosis of the respiratory tract

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24
Q

what does the flu vaccine do

A

produces specific antibodies that inhibit binding and entry into cells

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25
Q

does the flu virus cause cell death

A

yes

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26
Q

why does immunity developed from previous flu infections/ vaccination become ineffective

A

because flu viruses can change surface antigens

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27
Q

are antibtx indicated for the flu

A

no

28
Q

what is pertussis also known as

A

whooping cough

29
Q

what is the bacteria that causes pertussis

A

bordetella pertussis infection

30
Q

what are the three stages of pertussis

A

catarrhal stage
paroxysmal stage
convalescent stage

31
Q

what is involved in the catarrhal stage of pertussis

A

resembles a common cold

32
Q

what happens in the paroxysmal stage

A

bursts of rapid consecutive coughs that are followed by a deep high pitched inspiration

33
Q

what is involved in the convalescent stage

A

begins four weeks after the onset of the illness

34
Q

ARE antibtx indicated for pertussis

A

yes

35
Q

what is pneumonia

A

inflammation of the lung tissue from any cause

36
Q

if pneumonia is left untreated, what does it lead to

A

consolidation

37
Q

what are different patterns of pneumonia caused by

A

different microorganisms

38
Q

what are some common causes of pneumonia

A

strep pneumonia, staph aureus, legionella, viral pneumonia

39
Q

what are the clinical signs of consolidation

A

inspiratory crackles, dullness to percussion, increased tactile fremitus

40
Q

are antibtx indicated for pneumonia

A

for bacterial pneumonia, yes

41
Q

what is asthma

A

chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, associated with obstruction

42
Q

is asthma more common in M or F in children

A

males

43
Q

is asthma more common in M or F in adults

A

females

44
Q

what is the most common form of asthma

A

allergic asthma

45
Q

what immunoglobulin is produced in response to allergens

A

immunoglobulin E

46
Q

what is asthma a result of

A

hypersensitivity reaction

47
Q

what is COPD

A

AN UMBRELLA TERM FOR THE RESULT OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS AND EMPHYSEMA

48
Q

WHAT IS CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

A

A CHRONIC PRODUCTIVE COUGH FOR AT LEAST THREE CONSECUTIVE MONTHS IN AT LEAST TWO CONSECUTIVE YEARS

49
Q

WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

A

CIGARETTE SMOKING AND INHALING TOXIC PARTICLES

50
Q

WHAT ARE THE DOMINANT PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

A

MUCUS HYPERSECRETUIN AND PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION

51
Q

WHAT IS EMPHYSEMA

A

DEFINED AS THE PERMANENT DISTENSION OF AIR SPACES DISTAL TO THE TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

52
Q

WHAT IS EMPHYSEMA CAUSED BY

A

CIGARETTE SMOKING, AIR POLLUTION, CHILDHOOD RESP INFECTIONS

53
Q

WHAT CAN EMPHYSEMA CAUSE

A

BULLAE AND BLEBS

54
Q

WHAT ARE BULLAE AND BLEBS

A

SUBPLEURAL AREAS OF MARKED PULMONARY DISTENSION

55
Q

WHICH ARE LARGER BLEBS OR BULLAE

A

BULLAE, LARGER THAN 2CM

56
Q

WHAT IS THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EMPHYSEMA

A

OXIDANTS IN CIGRAETTE SMOKE PROMOTE INFLAMMATION, WHICH OVER TIME DESTROYS ELASTIN IN ALVEOLAR WALLS

57
Q

IN SOMEONE WITH COPD, SOMEONE WITH EMOHYSEMA WILL APPEAR

A

PINK PUFFER (THIN AND BONY AND RED)

58
Q

IN SOMEONE WITH COPD, SOMEONE WITH CHRONIC BRONCHITIS WILL APPEAR

A

BLUE BLOATER (PUFFY AND CYANOTIC)

59
Q

WHAT IS A BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA

A

MALIGNANT TUMOUR ARISING FROM RESPIRATORY TRACT EPITHELIUM

60
Q

WHAT CAN CAUSE A BRONCHOGENIS CARCINOMA

A

SMOKING, ASBESTOS, SILICA DUST, DIESEL EXHAUST FUMES, FAM HX, PREVIOUS LUNG DISEASES

61
Q

HOW CAN BRONCHOGENIC ECRCINOMA BE FURTHER CLASSIFIED

A

BASED IN HUSTOLOGY

62
Q

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON DIVISION OF BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA

A

ADENOCARCINOMA

63
Q

WHAT IS A PULMONARY EMBOLISM

A

OCCLUSION OF A PORTION OF THE PULMONARY VASCULAR BED BY AN EMBOLUS

64
Q

WHAT ARE THE VIRCHOWS TRIAD FACTORS THAT ARE RISK FACTORS FOR A PULMONARY EMBOLISM

A

VENOUS STASIS
VESSEL DAMAGE
HYPERCOAGULABILITY

65
Q

WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON FEATURES OF A PULMONARY EMBOLISM

A

SUDDEN INSET CHEST PAIN, DYSPNOEA, INCERASED HR, RR, UNEXPLAINED ANXIETY

66
Q

WHAT IS A PNEUMO THORAX

A

PRESENCE FO AIR IN THE PLEURAL CAVITY

67
Q

A PNEUMOTHORAX XAN BE CLASSIFIED BASED ON

A

MECHANISM ON INJURY (TRAUMATIC OR SPONTANEOUS)
PHYSIOLOGICAL NATURE (CLOSED, OPEN, TENSION)

BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE FOR OSTEO 7 (14 decks)

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