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ENCN375 > Week 4 Infrastructure Systems > Flashcards

Week 4 Infrastructure Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four ways that infrastructure systems depend on each other?

A

Physically: Share a direct material connection.

Informatively: Connected via information flow.

Geographically: Connected by geographic proximity.

Logically: Any other connection type, e.g. Policy, societal, economic, etc.

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2
Q

What is Network theory?

A

A collection of interconnected nodes that are connected by edges or links to represent a wide range of entities and their relationships.

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3
Q

How to determine the size of the network.

A

Number of nodes

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4
Q

How to determine the shortest path

A

The shortest distance (number of links) between two nodes.

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5
Q

Define Network Diameter

A

Length of the shortest path between most distanced nodes.

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6
Q

What is Beta-index?

A

A Simple measure of network complexity.

beta = L/N

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7
Q

What is the degree of connectivity?

A

The ratio of actual to potential number of links.

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8
Q

What is a Node Degree?

A

The number of connections on node i.

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9
Q

What represents a distributive network?

A

One to many

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10
Q

What represents a complex network?

A

Many to Many

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11
Q

What represents a collective network?

A

Many to one

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12
Q

What represents a simple network?

A

One to one

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13
Q

What is a distributive system

A

One point source many end users

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14
Q

Why is energy an important system

A

energy is central to nearly every major challenge and opportunity the world faces today

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15
Q

What is the Energy System

A

all components related to the production, conversion, delivery and use of energy

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16
Q

What is a primary energy source

A

original or undisturbed state (sun, crude oil, coal)

17
Q

What is a secondary energy source

A

converted from primary energy (electricity, heat)

18
Q

What is the trend in energy consumption (last 100 years)

A

Increased sharply post WW2 from massive spike in fossil fuel use

19
Q

What sectors consume the most energy in NZ

A

Transport and industry

20
Q

What are the main sources (fuel types) of electricity (global)

A
  1. coal 2. gas 3. hydropower
21
Q

What is special about NZ electricity generation

A

~80% renewable

22
Q

What are the components of the electricity grid

A

generation - transmission - distribution - consumer

23
Q

What is are the issues with the availability of freshwater

A
  • not always available when and where it is needed
  • not uniformly distributed across globe
  • good quality freshwater less available
24
Q

Components of modern water supply

A
  • storage
  • treatment
  • distribution
  • network (pumps, pipes, storage, treatment)
25
Q

Where do CO2 emissions come from in the water supply system

A

energy inputs (pumps, moving water, extracting groundwater etc)

26
Q

Main sources of freshwater consumption in NZ

A
  1. irrigation 2. drinking 3. industrial
27
Q

Water supply system innovations

A
  • desalination plant
  • purple pipes
28
Q

What was the driver for the development of the global food network

A

transportation

29
Q

Main source of emissions in the food system

A

Livestock (enteric fermentation)

30
Q

What is special about the NZ food system

A
  • emissions skewed towards meat and dairy
  • agriculture main export in NZ
  • not only emissions but also water use and quality are consequences of the food system
31
Q

Similarities between water supply, food and energy systems

A
  • distributive systems
  • require energy inputs
32
Q

How to mitigate emissions from the energy system (production side)

A

move away from fossil fuels

33
Q

How to mitigate emissions from the energy system (consumption side)

A

improve energy efficiency

34
Q

How to mitigate emissions from the electricity system (production side)

A

zero/low carbon electricity generation

35
Q

How to mitigate emissions from the electricity system (consumption side)

A

minimise energy use

36
Q

How to mitigate emissions from the water supply system (production side)

A

energy efficiency improvements

37
Q

How to mitigate emissions from the water supply system (consumption side)

A

reduce demand for treated water

38
Q

How to mitigate emissions from the food system (production side)

A
  • decrease emissions from enteric fermentation
  • decrease energy and fertiliser requirements
39
Q

How to mitigate emissions from the food system (consumption side)

A

decrease demand for high emission products

ENCN375 (11 decks)

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