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MEDSURG OXYGENATION > OXYGENATION > Flashcards

OXYGENATION Flashcards

1
Q

[PHYSICAL EXAMINATION]
area: generalize
tongue: involved
hand: warm
clubbing: present
O2 application: pulmonary cause
application of warming: not improved
mechanism: diminution of oxygen saturation
crt: less than 2 seconds

A

CENTRAL CYANOSIS

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2
Q

[PHYSICAL EXAMINATION]
area: localize
tongue: not involve
hand: cold
clubbing: not present
O2 application: not improved
application of warming: improved
mechanism: diminution of blood flow
crt: more than 2 seconds

A

PERIPHERAL CYANOSIS

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3
Q

[ASSESSMENT FINDINGS]
- relaxed posture
- normal musculature
- rate 10-18 breaths per minute, regular
- no cyanosis or pallor
-anteroposterior diameter less than transverse diameter

A

INSPECTION

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4
Q

[ASSESSMENT FINDINGS]
- symmetric chest expansion
- tactile fremitus present and equal bilaterally

A

PALPATION

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5
Q

[ASSESSMENT FINDINGS]
- resonant

A

PERCUSSION

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6
Q

[ASSESSMENT FINDINGS]
- vesicular over peripheral fields
- bronchovesicular over sternum and between scapulae
- infant & child: bronchovesicular
- no adventitious sounds

A

AUSCULTATION

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7
Q

[NORMAL BREATH SOUNDS]
- soft
- low pitched
- over most lung fields
- inspiration > expiration

A

VESICULAR

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8
Q

[NORMAL BREATH SOUNDS]
- medium pitched
- over main bronchus and right posterior lung
- inspiration > expiration

A

BRONCHOVESICULAR

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9
Q

[NORMAL BREATH SOUNDS]
- loud
- high pitched
- over manubrium only
- expiration > inspiration (extended in asthma)

A

BRONCHIAL

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10
Q

[NORMAL BREATH SOUNDS]
- very loud
- high pitched
- over trachea only
- inspiration > expiration

A

TRACHEAL

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11
Q

[ADVENTITIOUS SOUNDS]
- discontinuous
- fine/medium/coarse
- not cleared by coughing
- heard more on inspiration
- heard in atelectasis

A

CRACKLES/RALES

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12
Q

[ADVENTITIOUS SOUNDS]
- continuous
- foghorn
- low-pitched
- cleared on coughing

A

RHONCHI

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13
Q

[ADVENTITIOUS SOUNDS]
- continuous
- tea kettle high pitch
- usually diffuse and bilateral
- heard diffusely in asthma
- unilateral: foreign body

A

WHEEZES

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14
Q

[ADVENTITIOUS SOUNDS]
- pleural sound: leather rubbing together
- caused by inflamed pleura
- come and go depending on amount of fluid in pleural space

A

RUB

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15
Q
  • acute or chronic
  • RESPIRATORY: bronchospasm, bronchitis, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary edema, pneumothorax, upper airway obstruction
  • CARDIOVASCULAR: acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, cardiac tamponade, water bottle appearance on CXR
A

DYSPNEA

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16
Q
  • treat the cause
  • oxygen
  • pulmonary rehabilitation
  • treat anxiety
A

DYSPNEA TREATMENT

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17
Q

cough that last less than 3 weeks

A

ACUTE COUGH

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18
Q

cough that last to 3-8 weeks

A

PERSISTENT COUGH

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19
Q

cough that last greater than 8 weeks

A

CHRONIC COUGH

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20
Q

CAUSES
- URI
- pneumonia
- aspiration
- pulmonary embolism
- pulmonary edema

FOR SMOKERS: usually low-grade chronic bronchitis
: increased intensity lung cancer

FOR NONSMOKERS:
- postnasal drip, asthma, GERD, or ACE inhibitors

A

COUGH

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21
Q

care for underlying cause elimination of irritants

A

COUGH TREATMENT

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22
Q
  • expectoration of blood originating below the vocal cords
  • usually comes from bronchial arteries
A

HEMOPTYSIS

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23
Q
  • high-pitched whistling sound made while breathing
  • often associated with DOB
  • may occur during expiration or inspiration
A

WHEEZING

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24
Q
  • occurs when blood flow to the heart is impaired, leading to oxygen deprivation in the heart muscle
A

CHEST PAIN: ANGINA

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25
Q

Possible characteristics: PSCTF
Pressure
Squeezing
Crushing
Tearing
Fullness

S/S
Tiredness
SOB
Light-headed

A

CHEST PAIN

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26
Q

[DIAGNOSTICS]
- non invasive
- shows how well the lungs are working
- measure lung volume, capacity, rates of flow, and gas exchange
- identifies obstructive vs restrictive

A

PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST (PFT)

27
Q

[DIAGNOSTICS]
- measurement of blood pH, arterial oxygen, and carbon dioxide tensions

A

ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS (ABG)

28
Q

[DIAGNOSTICS]
- non invasive
- monitor the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (O2 Saturation)

A

PULSE OXIMETRY

29
Q

[DIAGNOSTICS]
- involves a sample of sputum to diagnose respiratory disease, identify organism and abnormal cells

A

SPUTUM ANALYSIS

30
Q

SPUTUM CULTURE
- expectorated from the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs through the mouth

A

SPUTUM

31
Q

SPUTUM CULTURE
- suctioned sputum from an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube

A

ENDOTRACHEAL

32
Q

SPUTUM CULTURE
- wash collected from an area of the lung during a bronchoscopy

A

BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE

33
Q

When to culture?
- never, almost always viral

A

BRONCHITIS

34
Q

When to culture?
- must ask for different culture medium when suspecting anaerobes, atypicals, pertussis, fungi

A

PNEUMONIA

35
Q

[STAINS]
- too many squamous epithelial cells are indicative of oral mucosal contamination

A

GRAM STAIN

36
Q

Gram stain:
- indicative of infection

A

NUMEROUS NEUTROPHILS

37
Q

Gram stain:
- common in fungal, acid-fast, and other atypical bacterial infections

A

MACROPHAGES

38
Q

Gram stain:
- indicate allergic reaction or parasitic infection

A

EOSINOPHILS

39
Q

Gram stain:
- indicate direct attack (antibodies and lysosomes) of inhaled bacteria

A

MUCUS STRANDS

40
Q

[STAINS]
- special stain to look for Mycobacterium
- low sensitivity, positive result = treatment

A

ACID FAST STAIN

41
Q

[DIAGNOSTICS]
- guided by bronchoscopy or CT
- small pneumothorax always occurs as a result

A

LUNG BIOPSY

42
Q

[DIAGNOSTICS]
- is injected beneath the skin

A

TUBERCULIN SKIN TESTING

43
Q

Mantoux tuberculin skin test (PPD)
- will be negative but will stimulate memory T-cells

A

FIRST PPD

44
Q

Mantoux tuberculin skin testing:
- the results will be positive

A

SECOND PPD

45
Q

[IMAGING STUDIES]
- indications: CXR abnormality, lung tumor, mediastinal mass, aortic injury

When to use contrast:
- not usually needed for pulmonary imaging

A

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

46
Q

[IMAGING STUDIES]
- examines air flow and blood flow
- less radiation than CT
- involves inhalation and venous injection of a radiotracer
- detects areas of the lung that are being perfused

A

VENTILATION-PERFUSION SCANS (VQ SCANS)

47
Q

[IMAGING STUDIES]
- can be diagnostic or therapeutic
- drain is promptly removed if there is no purulent fluid draining
- pleural fluid aspiration for obtaining a specimen

A

THORACENTESIS

48
Q

[IMAGING STUDIES]
- uses powerful magnetic fields and radio waves to create pictures of the chest
- does not use radiation

A

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

49
Q

[IMAGING STUDIES]
- uses x-rays to visualize how lungs are working
- uses more radiation than a standard chest x-ray

A

CHEST FLOUROSCOPY

50
Q

[IMAGING STUDIES]
- used to look at the air passages with a small camera
- used to determine location of pathologic lesions

A

BRONCHOSCOPY

51
Q
  • often used when referring to symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection by nasal congestion, sore throat, and cough
A

VIRAL RHINITIS OR COMMON COLD

52
Q
  • referred to a febrile, infectious, acute inflammation of the mucus membrane of the nasal cavity
A

COLDS

53
Q
  • inflammation and irritation of the mucus membranes of the nose
A

RHINITIS

54
Q

RHINITIS MEDICAL MANAGEMENT

A
  • treatment of the cause = antibiotics
  • decongestant
  • antihistamine
  • severe: corticosteroids
55
Q
  • inflammation of sinuses
A

SINUSITIS

56
Q

Sinusitis Medical Management

A
  • anti microbial agent: amoxicillin
  • heated mist or saline irrigation
57
Q
  • inflammation of the sinuses that persists for more than 8 weeks in adult
  • 2 weeks in children

Clinical Manifestations:
- facial pain
- impaired mucocilliary clearance and ventilation
- chronic hoarseness and cough
- chronic headache

A

CHRONIC SINUSITIS

58
Q
  • sudden inflammation of the pharynx
  • febrile inflammation of throat
  • lasts up to 3 to 10 days

Clinical Manifestations:
- fiery red pharngeal membrane and tonsils
- fever and malaise
- sore throat, hoarseness and cough

A

ACUTE PHARYNGITIS

59
Q

Acute Pharyngitis Medical Treatment

A
  • antibiotics: cephalosporin
  • analgesic for severe sore and antitussive medicstions
  • nutritional: liquid/soft diet
60
Q
  • persistent inflammation of the pharynx
  • common in adults who work or live in dusty surrounding, use voice too much, suffer from chronic cough and habitually use alcohol and tobacco
A

CHRONIC PHARYNGITIS

61
Q
  • infection of tonsils

Clinical Manifestations
- sore throat, fever, snoring
- difficulty of swallowing

A

TONSILLITIS

62
Q

Tonsillitis Medical Management

A
  • for recurrent tonsillitis: tonsillectomy
  • antimicrobial therapy: penicillin/7 days
63
Q
  • inflammation of larynx
  • often occur as a result of voice abuse or exposure to dust, chemicals, smoke, and other pollutants
  • cause of infection is almost viral
A

LARYNGITIS

MEDSURG OXYGENATION (3 decks)

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