Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y3 Medicine > Random 9 > Flashcards

Random 9 Flashcards

1
Q

When do patients with T2DM start having home monitoring?

A
  • When they are started on insulin
  • When they are started on hypoglycemic medication like gliclazide.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When do you have to inform the DVLA about a patient with T2DM?

A

If they are on insulin
Or they are on a hypoglycemic med for more than 3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What HBA1c level is considered diabetic?

A

> 48mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is DAFNE?

A

Focus: DAFNE is primarily a program for adults with type 1 diabetes. It emphasizes flexible insulin dosing to match food intake, allowing individuals to lead a more normal life, including the flexibility to eat a varied diet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is DESMOND?

A

Focus: DESMOND is designed for individuals with type 2 diabetes, both newly diagnosed and those who have been living with the condition for some time. It focuses on lifestyle changes, including diet, physical activity, and emotional well-being.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What egfr level should you stop Metformin at?

A

35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Orlistat

A

Inhibits lipase which prevents the absorption of dietary fats in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some risks of obesity that are independent of T2DM?

A
  • Sleep apnoea
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Sudden death
  • NAFLD
  • GORD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are DPP-4 inhibitors like sitagliptin and saxagliptin best for?

A

When you want to decrease HBA1c but not drop blood glucose too much.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What diabetic medication is best for weight loss?

A

GLP-1 inhibitors, semaglutide, liraglutide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What diabetic medication is best for kidney protection?

A

SGLT-2 inhibitors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What factors could precipitate DKA?

A
  • Failure to take insulin
  • Illness
  • Trauma, emotional
  • Hypovolaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do patients with DKA present?

A
  • Polyuria, polydipsia
  • Dehydration
  • Abdominal pain
  • Fruity breath
  • Combative, drunk, coma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the biochemical criteria for DKA?

A

Glucose >11mmol/L
Ketones >3mmol/L
Anion gap acidosis. pH <7.3, <15mmol/L, anion gap >12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are treatment targets for DKA?

A

Reducing ketones by 0.5/h
Increasing HCO3 by 3/hr
Reducing glucose by 3/hr
Maintaining K at 4.5-5.5mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Biochemically, what does DKA resolution look like?

A

Ketones <0.3
Bicarbonate >15
pH >7.3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does mannitol help with cerebral oedema?

A

Increased osmotic force in the bloodstream
Water is drawn into the bloodstream
This movement of water reduces the swelling in the brain tissue, alleviating cerebral edema.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are complications of DKA?

A
  • Shock
  • Vascular thrombosis
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Cerebral edema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

With hypoglycemia, what do you do if the patient is conscious, orientated and able to swallow.

A

Give any of the following

  • Glass of lucozade
  • Orange juice
  • 3 dextrosol tablets
  • Tube of glucose gel
  • fortijuice for enteral feeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

With hypoglycemia, what do you do if the patient is conscious but confused, uncooperative or disorientated and unable to tolerate oral treatment

A

1mg of glucagon and given IM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

With hypoglycemia, what do you do if the patient is unconscious/unable to swallow?

A

Stop any IV insulin
10% glucose infusion 200mls given over 10mins
20% glucose infusion 100mls stat.

22
Q

What is the biochemical criteria for HHS

A
  • Hypovolaemia
  • Marked hyperglycaemia (30mmol/L)
  • No Ketonaemia or acidosis
  • High osmolality >320mmol/kg
  • Older patients with intercurrent illness at a high risk
  • Low urine output
23
Q

Treatment for HHS

A
  • Fluid resuscitation
  • Full clinical examination
  • Investigations: VBG, UE, FBC, ECG, CXR
  • Cardiac monitoring
  • LMWH
24
Q

In DKA, when do you do an ABG?

A

Evereytime you change fluids

25
Q

What symptoms/signs occur at <4mmol/L of glucose

A
  • Sweating
  • Nausea
  • Fatigue
  • Tingling
26
Q

What symptoms/signs occur at <2mmol/L

A

Drowsy, seizures or a coma

27
Q

What blood sugar levels should diabetics be before they have a PET scan?

A

Your blood sugar will be measured just before the injection of the FDG (glucose). Your blood sugar must be less than 200 mg/dl for the scan to be performed. After the injection of a small amount of FDG you will be asked to rest comfortably for 50-60 minutes, to allow the cells to take up the FDG.

28
Q

What is a common side effect of PPIs?

A

Hyponatremia

29
Q

Nystatin

A

Anti-fungal that binds to ergosterol used for oral candidiasis

30
Q

What is the CK like in polymyalgia rheumatica?

A

Normal

31
Q

What is the main difference between fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome?

A

Fibromyalgia causes pain and chronic fatigue syndrome is more associated with pain.

32
Q

When you take a history for giant cell arteritis, what else should you make sure you ask questions about?

A

Polymyalgia rheumatica as they are closely linked .

Girdle stiffness.

33
Q

Is alcohol related to heart disease?

A

No

34
Q

What underpins all acute coronary syndromes?

A

Ruptured plaque

35
Q

What are the 4 steps to treating a STEMI?

A
  1. O2 and analgesia (vasodilator)
  2. 300mg of Aspirin
  3. 2nd APA like Ticagrelor
  4. PCI
36
Q

What APA should you patient have after an acute coronary syndrome if they are older than 75 and diabetic?

A

Clopidogrel instead of Ticagrelor

37
Q

Apart from reducing cholesterol, what is another advantage of a statin?

A

Stabilises the plaque

38
Q

What is the dosing for Enoxaparin?

A

1mg per kg bd

39
Q

What is the treatment for NSTEMI and UA?

A
  1. O2 and analgesia
  2. 300mg Aspirin
  3. 2nd APA
  4. LMWH (48h only)
40
Q

Who doesn’t make it to the cath lab?

A
  1. They don’t want it
  2. Dementia
  3. Actively bleeding
  4. Renal impairment
  5. Fe deficiency anaemia
  6. Frailty score >5
41
Q

What medication is given to all patients before angioplasty?

A

IV heparin

42
Q

What is a JVP going up and down indicative of?

A

Tricuspid regurgitation

43
Q

What are the symptoms of influenza infection?

A
  • Headache
  • Malaise
  • Myalgia
  • Fever >37.8
  • Non productive cough
  • Sore throat
44
Q

What is the difference in the presentation of a COVID-19 infection compared to Influenza?

A

COVID-19 presents after 5 days of infection Influenza is 1-4 days. COVID-19 is more associated with anosmia.

45
Q

How do you investigate Influenza?

A

Indirect/direct fluorescence antibody test, but rapid PCR is now often available first line.

46
Q

What is the first line antiviral for Influenza?

A

Oseltamivir

47
Q

What is the second line antiviral for Influenza?

A

Zanamivir

48
Q

What are some co-morbidities that mean patients who present with influenza should be treated with antivirals as a first line?

A
  • Heart failure (other heart diseases)
  • Metabolic disorders
  • Neurological disorders
  • Liver disorders
  • Chronic resp diseases
49
Q

What are some complications of influenza?

A

Pulmonary – viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia (particularly S. aureus) , worsening of chronic conditions (eg. COPD and asthma)
Cardiovascular – myocarditis, heart failure
Neurological – encephalopathy
Gastrointestinal – anorexia and vomiting are common

50
Q

What are some examples of live vaccines?

A
  • MMR
  • Yellow fever
  • Chicken pox
  • Polio
  • Rotavirus

Y3 Medicine (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions