Object Relations Theory: Melanie Klein Flashcards

1
Q

In contrast to Freud, who emphasized the first 4 to 6 years of life, Klein stressed the importance of the first _____ months after birth.

A

4 to 6

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2
Q

_____ believed that children’s sense of identity rests on a three-step relationship with their mother.

A

Margaret Mahler

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3
Q

_____ theorized that children develop a sense of self during early infancy when parents and others treat them as if they had an individualized sense of identity.

A

Heinz Kohut

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4
Q

_____ investigated infants’ attachment to their mother as well as the negative consequences of being separated from their mother

A

John Bowlby

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5
Q

_____ and her colleagues developed a technique for measuring the type of attachment style an infant develops toward its caregiver.

A

Mary Ainsworth

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6
Q

One of Klein’s basic assumptions is that the infant, even at birth, possesses an active phantasy life. These phantasies are psychic representations of ___ instincts.

A

unconscious id

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7
Q

Splitting is a coping strategy where a person categorizes experiences, objects, or people into extreme and polarized categories, such as all-good or all-bad. This defense mechanism is associated with both paranoid feelings of persecution and a division of internal and external objects into positive (good) and negative (bad) aspects.

To manage the conflicting feelings towards the same object, the ego employs splitting. This involves the ego separating itself and assigning aspects of life and death instincts while projecting other parts of these instincts onto external objects, particularly the breast. This process allows the individual to maintain a sense of cohesion while dealing with complex emotions and experiences.

A

Paranoid-Schizoid Position (3rd or 4th month)

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8
Q

Beginning at about the 5th or 6th month, an infant begins to view external objects as whole and to see that good and bad can exist in the same person

A

Depressive Position

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9
Q

The depressive position is _____ when children fantasize that they have made reparation for their previous transgressions and when they recognize that their mother will not go away permanently but will return after each departure.

A

resolved

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10
Q

Her analysis of young children led her to believe that the early superego produces not guilt but _____

A

terror

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11
Q

By _, Margaret Mahler meant that the child becomes an individual separate from his or her primary caregiver, an accomplishment that leads ultimately to a sense of identity.

A

psychological birth

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12
Q

Normal Autism - unhatched bird egg
Normal Symbiosis - shell is now beginning to crack
Separation-Individuation

A

Mahler’s three major developmental stages:

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13
Q

During this time, children must develop a constant inner representation of their mother so that they can tolerate being physically separate from her

A

Margaret Mahler’s Libidinal Object Constancy substage on separation-individuation stage of development.

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14
Q

Kohut believed that _____, not innate instinctual drives, are at the core of human personality.

A

human relatedness

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15
Q

Kohut defined the _____ as “the center of the individual’s psychological universe”.

A

self

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16
Q

Kohut believed that infants are naturally ______.

A

narcissistic

17
Q

Both narcissistic self-images are necessary for healthy personality development.

A

Heinz Kohut

18
Q

John Bowlby’s _____ Theory

A

Attachment

19
Q

Protest Stage - caregiver is first out of sight, infants will cry

Despair - as separation continues, infants become quiet, sad, passive, listless, and apathetic.

Detachment - The last stage—the only one unique to humans—is detachment. During this stage, infants become emotionally detached from other people, including their caregiver.

A

Bowlby observed three stages of this separation anxiety:

20
Q

Mary Ainsworth and the _____ Situation

A

Strange

21
Q

Secure attachment - when their mother returns, infants are happy and enthusiastic and initiate contact

Anxious-resistant attachment style, infants are ambivalent. Pabebe

Anxious-avoidant - infants stay calm when their mother leaves; they accept the stranger, and when their mother returns, they ignore and avoid her.

A

Mary Ainsworth and her associates found three attachment style ratings:

22
Q

Klein substituted _____ for Freudian dream analysis and free association, believing that young children express their conscious and unconscious wishes through _____.

A

Play Therapy

23
Q

Object relations has been used to explain the formation of _____ disorders.

A

eating

24
Q

Smolak and Levine found that bulimia was associated with _____ from parents.

A

overseparation

25
Q

Anorexia was associated with high levels of _____ over separation from parents.

A

guilt and conflict

26
Q
A
26
Q
A