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biology exam - 1 & 2 > key terms > Flashcards

key terms Flashcards

1
Q

prokaryotic

A

a typically unicellular organism (as of the domains Bacteria and Archaea) lacking a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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2
Q

eukaryotic

A

any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus.

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3
Q

unicellular

A

consisting of a single cell

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4
Q

multicellular

A

having or consisting of many cells.

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5
Q

budding

A

a grafting technique in which a single bud from the desired scion is used rather than an entire scion containing many buds.

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6
Q

vegetative propogation

A

The process in which new plants are grown from the old parts of another plant like roots, shoots and leaves, without involving any reproductive organ,

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7
Q

Large surface area to
volume ratio is good for

A

allows for materials to be transported as efficiently as possible into, out of, and around the cell.

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8
Q

types of apoptosis

A
  1. death receptor pathway
  2. mitochondrial pathway
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9
Q

blebbing

A

 the bulging of the
plasma membrane to form
apoptotic bodies

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10
Q

potency

A

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells which can give rise to differentiated cells with a
specialised function.

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11
Q

multipotent

A

stem cells which can differentiate into a
limited number of specialised cell types belonging to a
specific tissue or organ

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12
Q

pluripotent

A

stem cells that can differentiate into multiple
cell types

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13
Q

totipotent

A

stem cells which can differentiate into any cell
type

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14
Q

integrity

A

an ethical concept that encourages a full
commitment to knowledge and understanding as well
as the honest reporting of all sources of information and
results

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15
Q

justice

A

an ethical concept that encourages fair
consideration of competing claims, and ensures that there
is no unfair burden on a particular group from an action

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16
Q

respect

A

an ethical concept that encourages the
acknowledgment of the intrinsic value of living things,
and considers the welfare, beliefs, customs, and cultural
heritage of both the individual and the collective

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17
Q

beneficience

A

an ethical concept that seeks to maximise
benefits when taking a particular position or course of
action

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18
Q

non-maleficence

A

an ethical concept that discourages
causing harm – or when harm is unavoidable, ensuring that
the harm is not disproportionate to the benefits from any
position or course of action

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19
Q

thermoregulation

A

the homeostatic process of maintaining a
constant internal body temperature

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20
Q

effector

effector

A

a molecule, cell, or organ that responds to a signal
and produces a response

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21
Q

receptor

A

a structure that detects a signal or external
change, usually a protein

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22
Q

negative feedback system

A

a stimulus-response process in
which the response counters the stimulus

23
Q

osmoregulation

A

the homeostatic regulation of osmolality
in the body via the alteration of water and solute balance

24
Q

DNA

A

a double-stranded nucleic
acid chain made up of nucleotides. DNA carries the
instructions for proteins which are required for cell and
organism survival

25
Q

zygote

A

the diploid cell formed by the combination of two
haploid gamete cells

26
Q

test cross

A

when an individual expressing the dominant
phenotype but with an unknown genotype is crossed with
a homozygous recessive individual. The results indicate
whether the individual with the dominant phenotype is
homozygous dominant or heterozygous

27
Q

loci/locus

A

the fixed position on a chromosome where a
particular gene is located

28
Q

homeostasis

A

s the maintenance of a relatively stable internal
environment in the body despite changes in the external
environment

29
Q

physiological adaptations

A

evolved modifications to an
organism’s internal functioning or metabolic processes

30
Q

structural adaptation

A

evolved modifications to an
organism’s physical structure

31
Q

behavioural adaptation

A

evolved modifications to an
organism’s actions

32
Q

cyanobacteria

A

aka blue-green algae
bacteria capable of oxygenic photosynthesis

33
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process of converting light energy,
carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen

34
Q

chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis

35
Q

isotonic

A

describes a solution with the same solute
concentration as another solution

36
Q

hypotonic

A

describes a solution with a lower solute
concentration when compared to another solution

37
Q

hypertonic

A

describes a solution with a higher solute
concentration when compared to another solution

38
Q

transpiration

A

the evaporation of water from leaves and
movement of liquids up the xylem

39
Q

valid experiment

A

relates to the experimental method and how appropriate it is in addressing the aim of the experiment

40
Q

reliable

A

consistently good in quality or performance; able to be trusted.

41
Q

reproduceable

A

an experiment/measurement in which a
group of scientists, using methods designed by others, can
obtain the same results as another group’s experimen

42
Q

precise

A

two or more measurements that closely align with
each other

43
Q

karyotype

A

a visual representation of an individual’s entire
genome organised into homologous pairs

44
Q

independent variable

A

the factor/s that is/are
manipulated in an experiment

iv

45
Q

dependent variable

A

the factor/s measured in the
experiment that are changed when the IV is manipulated

dv

46
Q

controlled variable

A

a factor that is kept constant
throughout the experiment. Also known as a constant
variable

cv

47
Q

1.

quantitative data`

A

data that can be counted or measured in numerical values.

48
Q

Qualitative data

A

descriptive data that is not expressed numerically.

49
Q

somatic cell (nuclear) transfer

A

the process of transplanting nuclei from adult cells into oocytes or blastocysts and allowing them to grow and differentiate, producing pluripotent cells

50
Q

embryo transfer

A

o support a genetic line which has difficulty reproducing, to develop disease free animals or to manipulate genetics.

51
Q

predation

A

interactions between different species where
one organism hunts and kills another organism for food

52
Q

keystone species

A

a species whose effects on an ecosystem
are greater than expected relative to its population size

53
Q

ways first nations people manage ecosystems

A

For over 50,000 years, Australia’s Indigenous community cared for country by using land management that worked with the environment. Using traditional burning, fishing traps, and sowing and storing plants, they were able to create a system that was sustainable and supplied them with the food they needed.

biology exam - 1 & 2 (9 decks)

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