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Ecology BIO 304 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area at a given time.

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2
Q

Metapopulation

A

A collection of local populations of a species connected by occasional dispersal.

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3
Q

Clumped Dispersion

A

Individuals cluster together, often due to resource availability or social behavior.

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4
Q

Uniform Dispersion

A

Individuals are evenly spaced, often due to territorial behavior.

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5
Q

Random Dispersion

A

Individuals are distributed without a specific pattern

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6
Q

What factors affect clumped dispersion?

A

Resources and social behavior.

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7
Q

What factors affect uniform dispersion?

A

Territoriality and competition.

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8
Q

What factors affect random dispersion?

A

No specific factors

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9
Q

Population Age/Stage Pyramid

A

Shows the distribution of individuals by age or developmental stage, revealing the population’s age or stage structure.

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10
Q

What are some Density-Dependent Factors ?

A

Competition, Predation, and Disease

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11
Q

Density-Dependent Factors

A

Factors that become more intense as the population density increases, regulating population size.

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12
Q

Density-Independent Factors

A

Weather, Natural Disasters, and Habitat destruction affects populations regardless of density.

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13
Q

What drives Population Fluctuations?

A

Biotic (predation, competition) and abiotic (Climate, resource availability) Factors

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14
Q

Life Table

A

A summary of the age-specific mortality and reproductive rates in a population.

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15
Q

Demographic Stochasticity

A

Random variation in birth and death rates.

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16
Q

Environmental Stochasticity

A

Random environmental fluctuations

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17
Q

What factors influence population dynamics?

A

Demographic and Environmental Stochasticity

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18
Q

Type I Survivorship Curve

A

Low mortality early in life (eg humans)

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19
Q

Type II Survivorship Curve

A

Constant Mortality Rate (eg birds)

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20
Q

Type III survivorship curve

A

High mortality early in life (eg. trees)

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21
Q

Fecundity Table

A

Shows the age-specific birthrates for a population.

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22
Q

What is R0

A

It is the Net Reproductive Rate of Females

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23
Q

What is Net Reproductive Rate (R0)?

A

The average number of offspring produced by an individual in its lifetime.

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24
Q

Stable Age Distribution

A

The age structure a population approaches when its age-specific birth and death rates remain constant.

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25
Q

Exponential Growth

A

Continuous and unlimited

26
Q

Geometric Growth

A

Discrete, non-overlapping generations.

27
Q

Instantaneous Growth Rate

A

(r) the rate of population growth

28
Q

Finite Growth Rate

A

(λ) Lambda The proportional change in population size between generations

29
Q

Logistic Growth

A

Populations growth with limiting factors and a carrying capacity (K). Assumes sigmoid growth curve.

30
Q

What Model explains Human Population Growth?

A

Logistic growth due to resource limitations and declining birth rates. The value of K is uncertain.

31
Q

Demographic Transition Model

A

As societies develop, birth and death rates decline, leading to population stabilization. Age-structure pyramids reflect this transition.

32
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

Competition among individuals of the same species.

33
Q

What can Intraspecific competition lead to?

A

Reduced growth, fecundity, and survival.

34
Q

r-strategists

A

High reproductive rates and adapt to unstable environments.

35
Q

k-strategists

A

lower reproductive rates and are adapted to stable environments.

36
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

Competition between different species for shared resources.

37
Q

Lotka-Volterra Equations for Competition

A

Describes the interactions and outcomes of competition between two species.

38
Q

What are the four outcomes of competition?

A

Competitive exclusion, coexistence, resource partitioning, and character displacement.

39
Q

Ecological Niche

A

The role and position a species has in its environment.

40
Q

Competitive exclusion

A

When two species have identical niches can lead to elimination of one species.

41
Q

Predation

A

The consumption of one organism by another.

42
Q

Forms of predation

A

Herbivory, Carnivory, and Parasitism

43
Q

What factors are included in the Lotka-Volterra equations?

A

Prey growth rate and predator conversion efficiency

44
Q

Functional Responses

A

Changes in the predator’s consumption rate as prey density changes.

45
Q

Numerical Responses

A

Changes in predator population size

46
Q

How does Herbivory affect plant populations?

A

Can lead to the evolution of various plant defenses

47
Q

What are some animal defenses against predation?

A

Physical and Chemical Defenses, and Behavioral adaptations

48
Q

What are some predator hunting techniques?

A

Ambush, Pursuit, and Stalking

49
Q

Can predators control prey density?

A

Predators can influence prey populations, but it depends on various factors including predator-prey interactions

50
Q

Parasitism

A

Organisms that live on or in a host organism, often harming it

51
Q

How do hosts respond to parasites?

A

Hosts respond with immune or behavioral defenses.

52
Q

Definitive host

A

The parasite reproduces in or on the host

53
Q

Intermediate Host

A

Hosts the developmental stages of a parasite

54
Q

Mutualism

A

A mutually beneficial interaction between two species.

55
Q

Facultative mutualism

A

Non-obligate, mutually beneficial relationship between two species .

56
Q

Coexistence

A

The ability of two or more species to live together in the same habitat over an extended period without exclusion

57
Q

Resource Partioning

A

Dividing and sharing limited resources.

58
Q

Character Displacement

A

The divergence in traits that reduces the intensity of competition.

59
Q

What is a cohort in a life history table

A

An age or stage group

60
Q

What is the Allee Effect?

A

When a population declines even at a low density

Ecology BIO 304 (3 decks)

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