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GCSE Geography Eduquas > River landscapes (theme 2) > Flashcards

River landscapes (theme 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Bedload

A

Material carried by a river

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2
Q

Discharge

A

Volume of water passing a specific point at a specfic time

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3
Q

Drainage basin

A

The area the river collects its water from

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4
Q

Watershed

A

Boundry or edge of a drainage basin

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5
Q

Tributary

A

A smaller river flows into a larger one

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6
Q

Confluence

A

Where 2 rivers meet

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7
Q

Mouth

A

Where the river meets the sea

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8
Q

Source

A

The start of the river

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9
Q

What is water discharge measured in?

A

Cumecs (cm3/second)

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10
Q

Surface run off

A

unconfined flow of water over the ground surface,

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11
Q

Infiltration

A

The rate at which water soaks/hits the round

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12
Q

Through flow

A

water flows from soil down hill to the river

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13
Q

Perlocation

A

water moving downwards through soil and rock to the groundwater

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14
Q

Transpiration

A

Plants return water to the atmosphere via leaves

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15
Q

Groundwater

A

Water stored underground

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16
Q

Groundwater flow

A

Water flows through porous rocks downhill to river

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17
Q

Interception

A

Plants and trees delay water from reaching the ground

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18
Q

Precipitation

A

Rain snow sleet hail

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19
Q

where in a river is the gradient the steepest

A

The upper course

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20
Q

What do we call the path a river takes as it flows downhill?

A

The rivers course

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21
Q

In the upper course, is erosion or deposition more prominent ?

A

Erosion

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22
Q

What does an upper course look like?

A

Steep sided V shaped valley
Channel is narrow and shallow

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23
Q

In the middle course, is erosion or deposition more prominent ?

A

Both are equal

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24
Q

Amount of discharge in the upper course is

A

Small

25
Q

What does the middle course look like?

A

Gentle slope
Channel is wider and deeper than upper course

26
Q

In the lower course, is erosion or deposition more prominent ?

A

Deposition

27
Q

What does the lower course look like?

A

Valley is wide and flat
Channel is wide and deep

28
Q

How does an increase in urbanisation increase flooding?

A

Increase in land use means more impermeable surfaces leading to an increase in surface run off.

Also leads to a reduction in evapotranspiration so there are fewer plants/trees

29
Q

How does afforestation decrease flooding?

A

-More roots holding soil together
-Higher rates of interception by leaves so less water reaches the ground more slowly

30
Q

How can an increase in agriculture increase flooding?

A

-Overgrazing compacts soil leading to higher surface run off and risk of flooding
-Inflitration is also lower
-

31
Q

3 human activites that increase flooding

A

-Urbanisation
-Agriculture
-Industry

32
Q

How are gorges formed?

A

When waterfalls retreat over time

33
Q

How are waterfalls formed

A

The soft rock is eroded quicker than the hard rock and this creates a step.
As erosion continues, the hard rock is undercut forming an overhang.
Abrasion and hydraulic action erode to create a plunge pool.
Over time this gets bigger, increasing the size of the overhang until the hard rock is no longer supported and it collapses.
This process continues and the waterfall retreats upstream.

34
Q

How are interlocking spurs formed?

A

In the upper course, valleys are steep and V-shaped because most erosion happens vertically downwards.
The rivers do not have a lot of energy as there is not a lot of fast-moving water. This lack of energy means that they do not erode sideways (lateral erosion). Instead, they follow the winding path through the valley.
These interlocking hillsides are the interlocking spurs.

35
Q

Features of the upper course

A

Waterfalls
Gorges
Interlocking spurs

36
Q

How are meanders formed?

A

Erosion and deposition in parts of rivers that have deep riverbeds and shallow riverbeds creates meanders.
When a river bends, the current is fastest (carrying the most energy) at the outside of the bend. This high energy water erodes the side of the river, creating a river cliff.
The current is weakest where the water is shallowest, opposite the river cliff. More sediment is deposited here because the current has less energy to carry it along the river. This creates slip-off slopes.

37
Q

How are ox bow lakes formed

A

As erosion continues, the river’s bends get nearer to each other and create a swan’s neck meander (a small piece of land between bends).
During a flood, high energy water will breach the meander neck.
This makes the river flow in a straighter and faster course.
Over time, deposits will fill in the meander bends.
The meander becomes cut off from the river, forming an ox-bow lake.

38
Q

Features of the middle course

A

Oxbow lake
Meanders

39
Q

what are flood plains

A

Wide area of flat land that surrounds the lower courses at the borrom of the river

40
Q

What are flood plains caused by

A

Meander migration

41
Q

How are levees formed

A

When a flood happens, water overflows over the banks of a river.
The larger sediments that were being transported by the river will be deposited first.
After lots of floods, levees (which are natural piles of sediment) are created at the side of the river.

42
Q

How are esturiees formed

A

At high tide, the river overflows its banks.
Because the water is moving slowly at this point, the sediment it is transporting gets deposited.
These sediments build up over time to form large mudflats.

43
Q

Where are esturies found

A

tidal areas at river mouths

44
Q

Factors effecting flooding

A

Land use
Precipitation
Geology
Relief of land

45
Q

Hard enginerering to reduce flood risk

A

Embankments and levees

Flood walls

Dams ad resoivours

Flood Barriers

46
Q

Soft enginerring ways to reduce flood risk

A

River restoration

Washlands

Floodplain rentention

Plant trees ( afforestation)

47
Q

What rivers caused the flash flood in boscastle

A

Rivers valency and jordan

48
Q

2 Human causes of boscastle flooding

A

-Bridges were small and blocked debris so water was trapped

-Houses were built on flood plain so when river breaks banks it flooded houses

49
Q

3 natural causes of boscastle flooding

A

Confluence of two rivers caused more water to flood

Steep valley slopes so water flowed into village

Impermable sources

50
Q

2 Human impacts of flooding in boscastle

A

58 properties flooded

0 deaths

84 cars wrecked

51
Q

2 economic impacts of flooding in boscastle

A

2 million in damage

90 % of industry relies on touriusm

52
Q

1 environmental impact of flooding in boscastle

A

Trees uprooted and carried downstream

53
Q

Human causes of somerset flooding

A

-Human activity lowered drainage basin

-Farming removed plants so less interception

-Houses built on low lying land

54
Q

Environmental causes of somerset flooding

A

-Lowest lying land in UK

-Jet stream over UK causing 3x more rainfall

55
Q

Social impacts of somerset flooding

A

-165 homes effected for 3 weeks

-Disrupted personal lives (schooling,work)

-Loss of valued items

56
Q

Ecomonic impacts of somerset flooding

A

-16 million in damages

-Insurance prices raised

-Housing prices decreased

57
Q

Environmental impacts of somerset flooding

A

-Wildlife habitats destroyed in flooding

58
Q

Short term responses to somerset flooding

A

-People evacuated

-Pumped water back into sea

59
Q

Long term responses to somerset flooding

A

-Raised river bank

-Flood walls

-Dredged river

GCSE Geography Eduquas (11 decks)

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