Emotion and Stress Flashcards
According to (1)________ theory, emotions reflect perceptions of bodily reactions (I’m scared because my knees are shaking), while (2) ________ theory proposes that emotion-provoking stimuli simultaneously produce a subjective emotional experience and bodily reactions.
(1) James-Lange
(2) Cannon-Bard
Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal theory proposes there are differences in how emotion-arousing events are interpreted or appraised and distinguishes between three types of appraisal: Primary appraisal refers to a person’s evaluation of a (3)________ as irrelevant, positive-benign, or stressful with regard to his or her own wellbeing; secondary appraisal refers to the person’s evaluation of the resources he or she has to cope with a situation that has been identified as stressful; and (4)________ occurs when the person monitors the situation and, as necessary, modifies his or her primary and/or secondary appraisals.
(3) situation
(4) re-appraisal
(5) ________ circuit was proposed in 1937 as a neural circuit that mediates the experience and expression of emotion. The (6)________ hemisphere governs positive emotions and damage to this area results in (7)________. In contrast, the (8)________ hemisphere mediates negative emotions, lesions produce (9)________, emotional lability and/or undue cheerfulness.
(5)Papez’s
(6) left(dominant)
(7) catastrophic reactions
(8) right
(9) indifference and apathy
Electrical stimulation of the amygdala can produce a (10) ________ and/or rage response, while damage to the hypothalamus can result in rage or uncontrollable (11)________.
(10) fear
(11) laughter
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome describes the stress response as involving three stages: (12)_______, (13)________, and exhaustion. This response is mediated primarily by the adrenal and (14)________ gland.
(12) alarm reaction
(13) resistance
(14) pituitary
Prolonged stress increases the chance for illness by suppressing the immune system as a result of chronically elevated levels of (15) ________ and other stress hormones.
(15) cortisol
Research on the Type A behavior pattern has found that (16)________ is most strongly related to coronary heart disease.
(16) cynical or antagonistic hostility
Question ID #14006: Which theory of emotion proposes that emotional and bodily reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously as a result of thalamic stimulation of the cortex and the peripheral nervous system?
Select one:
a.
James-Lange theory
b.
Cognitive-Appraisal theory
c.
Cannon-Bard theory
d.
Emotion-Response theory
The correct answer is C.
Cannon-Bard theory places greater emphasis on the brain mechanisms that mediate emotion and proposes that emotional and bodily reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously as a result of thalamic stimulation of the cortex and the peripheral nervous system.
Answer A: James-Lange theory stresses the importance of peripheral factors and proposes that emotions represent perceptions of bodily reactions to sensory stimuli.
Answer B: Cognitive-Appraisal theory proposes that emotions are universal but that there are differences in how emotion-arousing events are interpreted or appraised.
Answer D: This is not a theory of emotion and is therefore incorrect.
Question ID #14007: Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory (1962) describes subjective emotional experience as the consequence of a combination of _____________ and cognitive interpretation of that arousal and the environmental context in which it occurs.
Select one:
a.
psychological arousal
b.
biological elements
c.
neurological intensity
d.
physiological arousal
The correct answer is D.
The two-factor theory describes subjective emotional experience as the consequence of a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal and the environmental context in which it occurs.
Answers A, B, and C: These responses provide incorrect information - a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation produces subjective emotional experience.
Question ID #14008: Which of the following is NOT an identified area of the brain that plays an important role in emotion?
Select one:
a.
hippocampus
b.
cerebral cortex
c.
Wernicke’s area
d.
thalamus
The correct answer is C.
Papez (1937) was among the first researchers to propose the existence of a neural circuit that mediates the experience and expression of emotion. Papez’s circuit included the hippocampus, mammillary bodies, anterior nuclei of the thalamus, and cingulate gyrus. Subsequently, researchers refined and extended Papez’s proposal and identified several other areas of the brain that play an important role in emotion, including certain areas of the cerebral cortex, the amygdala, and the hypothalamus. Wernicke’s area is most associated with written and spoken language comprehension.
Answers A, B, and D: All of these areas of the brain play an important role in emotion.
Question ID #14009: The stress response identified by Selye (1956) known as general adaptation syndrome (GAS), involves all of the following stages except:
Select one:
a.
exhaustion
b.
denial
c.
resistance
d.
alarm reaction
The correct answer is B.
Denial is not a stage identified in Selye’s general adaptation syndrome.
Answers A, C, and D: General adaptation syndrome involves three stages known as alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion.
Question ID #14010: Research on the Type A behavior pattern has found that __________ is most strongly related to coronary heart disease.
Select one:
a.
antagonistic hostility
b.
impatience
c.
competitiveness
d.
time urgency
The correct answer is A.
A number of studies have confirmed that, of the Type A characteristics, cynical or antagonistic hostility is most strongly associated with health problems, especially coronary heart disease in males (e.g., Ewart and Kolodner, 1994).
Answers B, C, and D: These responses provide incorrect information - research on the Type A behavior pattern has found that cynical or antagonistic hostility is most strongly related to coronary heart disease.
