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Anatomy And Physiology 2 Lecture > Study Guide Unit 3 > Flashcards

Study Guide Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the valves

A

Valves prevent back flow of blood. They allow blood to move one way through the heart and body.

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2
Q

Know how systemic circuit differs from pulmonary circuit.

A

a. Systemic circuit- much longer, higher workload, larger blood volume, higher pressure.
b. Systemic arteries carry oxygenated blood, veins deoxygenated.
c. Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood and vein carry oxygenated blood.

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3
Q

Coronary circuit

A

a. Coronary circulation supplies the heart wall.
b. Coronary arteries bring oxygenated blood to myocardium.
c. 2 coronary arteries.
d. Coronary veins collect deoxygenated blood and drain it into the coronary sinus.

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4
Q

Fetal circulation. What is the difference between fetal circulation and circulation after birth?

A

a. During fetal development the lungs do not function so there is more pressure on the right side of heart. After birth when lung’s function pressure increases on the left side of heart and actually causes more pressure to be on the left side of heart then on the right side of heart.

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5
Q

5 phases of cardiac cycle

A

atrial systole, early ventricular systole, late ventricular systole, early ventricular diastole, late ventricular diastole

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6
Q

Atrial systole:

A

atria contracted, and ventricles relaxed, moves remaining blood from atria to ventricles, AV valves open, semilunar valves closed.

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7
Q

Early ventricular systole

A

beginning of ventricular contraction, ventricular pressure increased more than atrial pressure, AV valves closed-first heart sound is heard, semilunar valves are still closed ventricles should generate more pressure to open them

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8
Q

Late ventricular diastole

A

atria relaxed, and ventricles contracted, ventricular pressure increases, semilunar valves open, blood ejection termed ventricular ejection

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9
Q

Early ventricular diastole

A

atria relaxed, and ventricles relaxed, ventricular pressure decreases, blood flowing backward slightly (caught in semilunar valves, which close-second heard sound is heard-S2), prevents backflow into ventricles

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10
Q

Late ventricular diastole

A

atria relaxed, and ventricles relaxed, ventricular pressure decreased, atrial pressure increased, semilunar valves remain closed, most ventricular filling occurs (70% of EDV)

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11
Q

Cardiac output: definition, CO (CO=SV x HR). factors that affect it (heart rate, SV)

A

Cardiac output is the amount of blood ejected per set amount of time (usually a minute) This is affected by the stroke volume (average is usually 70 CC) and Heart Rate.

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12
Q

Positive chronotropic agent

A

(increase cardiac output): sympathetic stimulation-norepinephrine, thyroid hormone, nicotine, and cocaine.

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13
Q

Negative chronotropic agents

A

(decrease cardiac output): parasympathetic innervation- acetylcholine, beta-blocker.

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14
Q

Know main factors that affect SV

A

preload, afterload, contractility

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15
Q

Stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected in one beat.

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16
Q

Preload

A

filling time (lower filling time lower EDV, higher filling time higher EDV), venous return (blood volume, H2O, and position).

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17
Q

Contractility

A

Increased contractility increased stroke volume, decreased contractility decreases stroke volume

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18
Q

Afterload

A

increases afterload decreases stroke volume, decrease afterload increases stroke volume

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19
Q

Plasma components

A

92% water. 8% dissolved molecules and ions

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20
Q

Main plasma protein

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrogens

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21
Q

Albumins

A

Maintain osmotic pressure

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22
Q

Globulins

A

(alpha and beta transport) (gamma antibodies produced by lymphocytes).

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23
Q

Fibrogen

A

Blood clot formation or coagulation

24
Q

RBC recycling

A

The iron is removed and transported to the liver and red bone marrow by plasma protein transferrin and used to created new RBC.

25
Q

EPO function

A

Kidney stimulation increases EPO which increases RBC which increases blood flow which goes to the kidney which stimulates a decrease in EPO which decreases RBC thus decreasing blood flow to the kidney.

26
Q

Know anatomy of the heart and blood flow

A

Right atrium – Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) – Right ventricle – Pulmonary Semilunar valve – pulmonary trunk – Right/Left pulmonary artery – pulmonary capillaries (O2 enters, CO2 leaves) – pulmonary veins (4) (2 right, 2 left) – Left atrium – Left atrioventricular valve (mitrael, bicuspid) – aortic semilunar valve – aorta – systemic capillaries (O2 leaves, CO2 enters) – veins – superior and inferior vena cava – Right atrium.

27
Q

Filtration capillary exchange

A

Occurs on arterial end of capillary

28
Q

Reabsorption capillary exchange

A

Movement of fluid back into blood (on the venous end)

29
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

pushes fluid out of the capillary

30
Q

blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

proteins pull water into capillaries

31
Q

Edema

A

Is swelling it is an increase in interstitial fluid

32
Q

Conducting system of the heart: know components, describe electrical events, ECG waves, and cardiac cycle.

A

P wave
QRS
T wave
PR interval

33
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization

34
Q

QRS

A

Ventricular depolarization

35
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

36
Q

PR interval

A

Aerial depolarization + delay in AV junction

37
Q

Arterial BP

A

pressure exerted on blood vessel walls by blood.

38
Q

BP

A

CO x PVR

39
Q

PVR

A

is affected by vessel diameter, length, and viscosity

40
Q

CO

A

is affected by vessel diameter, length, and viscosity

41
Q

stroke volume and Heart rate.

A

These are affected by preload, contractility, and afterload.

42
Q

Short term control through baroreceptor reflex (explain how)

A
43
Q

Long term control through endocrine system (explain how, know in details renin angiotensin aldosterone system)

A
44
Q

Three main factors that alter PVR: blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, blood vessel diameter. Which one is the most significant?

A

Blood vessel diameter is the most significant in the main factors that alter PVR.

45
Q

Control of arterial blood pressure: short term and long term

A

Arterial blood pressure is controlled both in the short term (baroreceptor reflex) and in the long term (endocrine system)

46
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

47
Q

Veins

A

carry blood to the heart

48
Q

Capillaries

A

gas exchanges (Pulmonary capillaries- O2 enters CO2 leaves; Systemic capillaries- O2 leaves CO2 enters)

49
Q

Systolic pressure

A

the highest pressure experienced by arteries.

50
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

baseline pressure in arteries

51
Q

Pulse pressure

A

the range of pressure experienced by arteries each heartbeat

52
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

the average pressure in the arteries over time/perfusion pressure N-70-110 mmHg.

53
Q

Vascular phase

A

blood vessel constricts, limits blood able to leak from vessel, lasts from few to many minutes.

54
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

platelets swell and assume irregular form when in contact with collagen fibers. Become sticky so they can adhere to collagen in tissue. Activated platelets aggregate at the injury site forming the platelet plug.

55
Q

Coagulation cascade

A

converts inactive proteins to active form and forms a blood clot. Complex interplay of reactions resulting in the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin strands. Clot is composed of meshwork of fibrin fibers entrapping blood cells.

56
Q

Coagulation requires

A

calcium, clotting factors, platelets, and vitamin K.

57
Q

Coagulation; the sympathetic response to blood loss

A

Homeostasis disturbed falling blood pressure – baroreceptors inhibited – vasomotor centers stimulated, cardioaccelerator centers stimulated, cardioinhibitory centers inhibited – vasoconstriction occurs/increased CO ( increased HR and SV) – Homeostasis restored blood pressure rises – normal range of blood pressure.

Anatomy And Physiology 2 Lecture (37 decks)

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