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fundamentals of anatomy > Respiratory systems > Flashcards

Respiratory systems Flashcards

1
Q

name some components of the respiratory system?

A

*Lungs and airway passages
*Pharynx, larynx, Trachea, bronchial tubes.

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2
Q

where are lungs located?

A

thoracic cavity

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3
Q

what is the hilum and where is it located?

A

The hilum is where the structures enter and exit the lungs- and it is located on mediastinal surface- mediastinal.

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4
Q

what are the 3 borders of the lung?

A

anterior, posterior, and inferior border.

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5
Q

how many lobes are in the left lung, and why is it smaller than the right?

A

2 lobes- superior and inferior.
it is smaller as it contains the cardiac notch

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6
Q

what fissure separates the superior and inferior lobe.

A

oblique fissure.

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7
Q

how many lobes are there in the right lung

A

3 lobes, Superior, middle, and inferior lobe

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8
Q

what fissure divides the right lung into superior and middle lobe.

A

horizontal/minor fissure.

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9
Q

how many layers does the pleural membrane have?

A
  • Visceral (inner)
  • Parietal (outer)
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10
Q

what is the pleural cavity?

A

*Contain pleural fluid- to reduce friction.
*Acts as an adhesive force so that fluid moves with the lungs.

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11
Q

what is pleural effusion

A

excess of fluid in the pleural space

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12
Q

what is the conducting zone?

A

Series of interconnecting cavities- e.g. nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles.

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13
Q

give some examples of the upper respiratory tract

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Lower Respiratory Tract
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
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14
Q

what are the 3 functions of the nose?

A

*Warming, moistening and filtering air

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15
Q

what is conchae

A

ledges- they ensure that there is a larger SA so the warming can occur, and increase turbulence. Will add fluid and moisture to the air as well.

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16
Q

what is the respiratory membrane?

A

consists of mucus cells, and ciliated cells. Mucus is there to trap any particles that pass by the nasal hair. Cilia will try and get rid of it- by sneezing or swallowing it.

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17
Q

what is the role of nasal hair?

A

filter out large particles.

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18
Q

what is the role of olfactory nerves

A

Sense of smell, hold your breath until you get out of it and stops you breathing it in.

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19
Q

what is the role of the nasal cavity?

A

membrane has blood vessels running very close, warming the air.

20
Q

what is the function of the pharynx.

A

Passage for:
* Air;
* Food.
* Resonating chamber for sound.
* Immunological reactions against foreign invaders. Any openings have protected mechanisms.
* No ciliated cells to allow food to pass through.

21
Q

what are the 3 regions of the pharynx-

A

-Nasopharynx
-Oropharynx
-Laryngopharynx / Hypopharynx

22
Q

where is the nasopharynx?

A
  • Superior aspect
  • Commences at the posterior aspect of the nasal cavity-
23
Q

where is the Oropharynx?

A
  • Middle aspect
  • Located behind the oral cavity
24
Q

Where is the Laryngopharynx

A
  • Inferior aspect
  • Larynx located anteriorly
  • Continuous with the oesophagus
25
Q

what is the epiglottis

A

switching mechanisms to allow food to pass through

26
Q

what is the oesophagus?

A

Muscular tube that allows food and drink to pass through- part of the digestive system.

27
Q

what 4 components make up the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
28
Q

What is the function of the larynx

A

*Switching mechanism- as you swallow it brings oesophagus up, blocks the larynx and allows food to pass by.
*Structure of sound production- vocal cords. Vibration of vocal cords produces sound.
*Cough mechanism- very sensitive
*Contains respiratory membrane which has mucus cells which can trap particles, then the cilia waft upwards towards the oesophagus away from lungs so you either spit it out or swallow it.

29
Q

where is the larynx located?

A

between the pharynx and trachea

30
Q

why does the larynx consist of 9 cartilages?

A

To prevent stuff going down

31
Q

what is the structure of the trachea?

A
  • Tubular passage way (for air) providing rigidity and flexibility
32
Q

what does the trachea consist of?

A

*“C” shaped horizontal ring of hyaline cartilage located anteriorly; Opening of the C is posteriorly.
*Smooth muscle fibres, Trachealis muscle, soft connective tissue Posteriorly- allows food to pass.
*Carina- allows trachea to divide into left and right with a bar across that is sensitive to good.
*Mucous membrane lining- goblet and ciliated cells to get rid of particles.

33
Q

what are the 3 types of bronchi?

A

*Primary (main) bronchi- divided into left and right. Enter hilum
*secondary (Lobular) bronchi-3 lobes on the right (3 has an r in it), 2 on the left. supplies
*Tertiary (Segmental) bronchi- divide up to 10 or less and varies between the two lobes.

34
Q

what are the 2 types of bronchioles?

A
  • Terminal Bronchioles
  • Respiratory Bronchioles
35
Q

what are the differences between the right and left primary bronchi?

A
  • Right primary bronchus
  • is more vertical
  • shorter
  • wider.
36
Q

what is the main function of the bronchioles?

A

Main function is for gas exchange- external gas exchange

37
Q

what are the 2 main muscles of repsiration?

A

-Diaphragm
-Intercostal muscles

38
Q

what is the structure & function of the diaphragm?

A

*Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
* Dome shaped
* Main muscle of respiration
* Contracts and flattens in inspiration- increase the superior inferior aspect of the lung and thoracic volume.
* Relaxes in expiration- air goes out.
* Supplied by the phrenic nerve

39
Q

what are the two types of intercostal muscle?

A
  • External intercostal- increase diameter.
  • Located between ribs
  • Contracts in inspiration
  • Relaxes in expiration
  • Internal intercostal- decrease the diameter and force ribs closer together to breathe out even more.
  • Located between ribs
  • Contracts in forceful expiration
40
Q

where is the mediastinum located?

A
  • Located in the thoracic cavity.
  • Between the medial aspects of the two lungs and pleura
41
Q

what are the two types of mediastinum?

A
  • Superior mediastinum
  • Inferior mediastinum-
    Anterior mediastinum
    Middle mediastinum- contains
    heart, pericardium – outside
    the heart.
    Posterior mediastinum
42
Q

what does the mediastinum contain?

A

-heart, vessels, trachea, oesophagus and nerves.

43
Q

what is the role of repsiratory centres, give 3 examples.

A

Control of respiration, medulla oblongata, pons, chemoreceptors.

44
Q

what is the role of the medulla oblongata

A

linked to spinal cord. Sends signals for inspiration.

45
Q

what is the role of pons, what are 2 examples.

A

regulates respiration.
* Phrenic nerves (to diaphragm)
* External intercostal nerves (to external intercostal muscles)

46
Q

whats the role of chemoreceptors? what are the 2 types. ?

A

identifying whether we have the sufficient levels of oxygen in the blood.
* Central- located in medulla oblongata
* Peripheral- located in the aortic arch and the carotid arch.

fundamentals of anatomy (9 decks)

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