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AHW > FISH > Flashcards

FISH Flashcards

1
Q

What are finfish?

A

Aquatic vertebrae with fins for locomotion and gills for respiration

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2
Q

What are the main aquatic species?

A

Salmonids —>Atlantic salmon, pacific salmon, trout
Freshwater species —> carp, catfish, tilapia
Marine species —> bream, bass, cod, halibut

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3
Q

What are the different types of shellfish?

A

Crustaceans
Molluscs
Echinoderms —> sea urchins

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4
Q

How to crustaceans respire

A

Branchally (through gills)

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5
Q

What is the anatomy of a mollusc like?

A

Coelemic animals
Unsegmented body

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6
Q

What is the common body plan of a mollusc like?

A

Foot- for anchoring, locomotion or predation
Radula - toothy tongue
Mantle- produces the shell
Shell
Visceral mass- internal organs

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7
Q

What fish species are commonly produced in UK?

A

Atlantic salmon
Rainbow trout

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8
Q

List the species of crustaceans commonly cultivated

A

Lobster
Crab
Shrimp
Barnacles
Crayfish

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9
Q

Which mollusc species would you commonly see in aquaculture

A

Clams
Cockles
Oysters
Octopus
Squid

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10
Q

How does a cephalopod differ from other molluscs?

A

More advanced nervous system

well developed eyesight that is used in finding prey
Can change colour, shape and texture to camoflague
Have tentacles

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11
Q

What is aquaculture?

A

The growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms in a controlled/ semi controlled environment

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12
Q

What are the four different systems of aquaculture from lowest to highest intensity?

A

Ponds
Raceways
Cages
Recirculating aquaculture systems

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13
Q

Which aquatic species have flow through systems?

A

Salmonids
Brass
Bream
Shrimp

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14
Q

Which aquatic species use recirculation as water management system?

A

Juvenile production of Salmonids, bass, bream shrimp

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15
Q

What aquatic species used batch culture as water management system?

A

Shrimp
Early larvae of marine fish

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16
Q

What are pond systems and what species are commonly used?

A

Enclosed water areas, least intensive, depend on natural processes

Salmonids
Shrimp/ prawns
Catfish

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17
Q

What are raceways and what species tend to be cultured this way?

A

Rectangular, single pass systems
Built above or below ground
Gravity flow of water

Trout, Carp, prawns

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18
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using cages?

A

Pros;
Easy stocking
Easy feeding
Easy harvest

Cons;
Little environmental control
Suspect ability to predators
Little water quality control
Quick disease spread

Salmonids
Seabass

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19
Q

What is RAS like?

A

Most intensive system
Can be located anywhere
Commonly used in juvenile stages

Salmon, trout, eel, sturgeom

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20
Q

What transitions do salmon do in their life?

A

Transition from freshwater to seawater
Goes from RAS/ pond into open water cage

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21
Q

What is smoltification

A

a complex series of physiological changes where young salmonid fish adapt from living in fresh water to living in seawater

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22
Q

What physiological changes do salmon undergo during smoltering?

A

Altered body shape
Increased skin reflection (turn silver)
Altered behaviour
Change in blood chlorides
Change in gill ATP synthase levels

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23
Q

What is welfare

A

The animals normal biological function, its emotional wellbeing and ability to perform normal functions

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24
Q

How do you assess welfare on an aquaculture production unit?

A

Stocking densities
Feeding rates
Behaviour
Growth rates
Health status
Survival rates
Surface activity

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25
Q

What does the veterinary surgeons act say in respect to fish

A

Performing surgery on fish isn’t considered an act of veterinary surgery
So technically non vets can do it

26
Q

What does the Animal welfare act 2006 state in relation to fish?

A

Fish count under welfare guidelines as they have a vertebrae

27
Q

What does the animal welfare act 2022 suggest?

A

Includes cephalopods molluscs and decapod crustaceans
They dont come under welfare act, rather have been recognised as sentient beings

28
Q

What are the two different types of fish?

A

Bony fish —> osteichtyes —> most pet and farmed species
Cartilaginous fish —> Chondrichthyes —> sharks and rays

29
Q

What are the most common types of laboratory fish?

A

Zebra fish

30
Q

What does the operculum do?

A

Bony flap that protects the gill
Involved in buccal pump

31
Q

What do the following 4 fins do?

A

Caudal fin —> tail fin, largest and most powerful, provides forward momentum
Dorsal fin —> keeps fish upright and controls direction of movement
Anal fin —> helps keep fish upright and stable
Pectoral/ pelvis fin —> steering, balance and moving up and down in water

32
Q

What is the lateral line?

A

Sense of sense organs used to detect movement, vibration and pressure gradients

33
Q

What is important about the skin of a fish?

A

Barrier versus environment
Osmotic barrier
Lubrication
Defense against pathogens

34
Q

What is the gastrointestinal tract like?

A

Simple and short in carnivores (more nutrient dense diet_
Longer in herbivores

35
Q

What is important about liver in fish?

A

Largest organ
In anterior coelom
Some fish have heptopancreas
Some have pancreas separate to liver

36
Q

Why are gills important?

A

Gas exchange
Acid base balance
Excretion of nitrogenous wastes
Osmoregulation (ion exchange)
Immune role

37
Q

How much energy output is needed for osmoregulaiton

A

25-50%

38
Q

What parts of fish are involved in osmoregulstiom

A

Gills, gut and kidney

39
Q

How does osmoregulation work in salt water fish?

A

Water passively leaves fish
Fish drink large quantities of water
Salt excreted through urine, gills and digestive tract

40
Q

How does osmoregulatiom in fresh water fish work?

A

Water passively enters fish
Production and excretion of a high volume of urine with low salt concentration

41
Q

What is the role of the swim bladder?

A

Mechanisms for maintaining buoying and position

42
Q

What are the most important things in terms of water quality?

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrites

43
Q

What are signs of respiratory distress?

A

Gasping (may be behavioural to gain food)
Gathering at areas of higher oxygen (water inlets)
Flared gills (trying to get water in gills)

44
Q

Why is high CO2 concentration toxic?

A

Fish can’t excrete through gills

45
Q

When is oxygen concentration at its lowest in water

A

In morning

46
Q

How does the nitrogen cycle work in relation to fish?

A

Ammonia is released from fish and decaying plants, waste product of protein metabolism
Denitrifimg bacteria turns ammonia into nitrite
Denitrifimg bacteria turn nitrite into nitrate

47
Q

What is the problem, with getting a new tank and how can it be solved?

A

Too many fish, not enough Denitrifimg bacteria
Immature filter
Start with lowest number of fish and increase every 4 weeks

48
Q

What is important to consider with home tanks?

A

Stocking density
Species and compatibility
Enrichment
Plants (can affect O2 and CO2 conc. )
Water changes to remove nitrogenous compounds

49
Q

What is difference between freshwater and saltwater tanks?

A

Fresh water easier to start but more open to fluctuations
Saltwater requires heating, but freshwater might not
Saltwater tanks need specialised lighting

50
Q

What things are removed in RAS?

A

Solids filtrate
Bio filter
CO2 filter

51
Q

What is pumped back in in RAS

A

Disinfection
Pumping and cooling
pH control
Oxygenation

52
Q

What should you look at when assessing fish (still in water)

A

Check skin
Check respiration
Check swimming pattern
Observe rest of population and interactions

53
Q

What are the two types of primary diagnostic exams?

A

Skin scrapes
Gill clips —> take finer filaments, not gill arch

54
Q

How are radiographs done?

A

Setting won’t be the same as usual, due to refraction of water
Can do out of water with GA and quick shot out of water

55
Q

How do ultrasounds work with fish?

A

Don’t get machine wet!
Don’t need gel

56
Q

What are the two different types of anaesthetics and how do they work?

A

MS 222 —> powder and dissolved in water, but acidic so 1;1 ratio needed with sodium bicarbonate

2 phenoxyethanol —> cheap, 1 pump per litre, can be used as quadruple dose for euthanasia

Eugenol —> clove oil, not completely soluble in water

57
Q

What are some common conditions seen with fish?

A

Dropsy —> not a disease but a clinical sign, caused by fluid build up in the body due to problems with osmoregulation

Buoyancy issues —> floating at top or bottom, usually an issue with the swim bladder

Tumours

Infectious disease

Dystocia

Polycystic kidneys

58
Q

Where is blood sampling done with fish?

A

Tail vein

59
Q

What are some ethical considerations with aquaculture?

A

Impacts on the environment
Welfare of fish
Suitability of species on intensive environment
Risks to wild populations

60
Q

Why are zebra fish used as research models?

A

Genetically similar to humans
Easy care
Easier to introduce genetic changes
Very high number of offspring

AHW (22 decks)

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