Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Earth & Life Science (1st & 2nd Grading Period) > Module 2: Earth Materials & Processes > Flashcards

Module 2: Earth Materials & Processes Flashcards

1
Q

It is a consolidated aggregate of various types of minerals or a consolidated aggregate of multiple individual pieces (Grains) of the same kind of mineral.

A

Rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

It is a conceptual model for understanding the process that generates, alters, transports, and deposits mineral material to produce different kinds of rocks.

Constant recycling of materials.

It illustrates how geologic processes occurring both underneath and on the Earth’s surface can change a rock from one type to another.

A

Rock Cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The Categories of Rocks:

A
  1. Igneous Rocks
  2. Sedimentary Rocks
  3. Metamorphic Rocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

It is formed from Molten Rock called Magma, which is found below Earth’s Surface and Lava which is found at the Surface of the Earth that cools and solidifies.

A

Igneous Rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Two Types of Igneous Rocks:

A
  1. Extrusive Igneous Rocks
  2. Intrusive Igneous Rocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Molten Material that solidifies at Earth’s Surface creates extrusive igneous rock also called Volcanic Rock.

A

Extrusive Igneous Rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When molten rock beneath Earth’s surface, that is Magma, changes to a solid (Freezes). It forms Intrusive Igneous Rock.

A

Intrusive Igneous Rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

It is derived from Sediment which is loose accumulation of unconsolidated fragments.

Sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rock called Lithification.

A

Sedimentary Rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

It is one of the Most Common Processes of Lithification.

Piles of Sediments accumulate.
The materials below are compacted by the weight of the overlying layers.
As the grains are pressed, pore space is greatly minimized reducing the volume.

A

Compaction Process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

It is Another Process of Lithification.

Water seeps through pore space between particles may contain cementing materials.
Through time, cement settles into the sediment grains, fills the open spaces, and then binds the particles together.
Another process by which sediments are converted to Sedimentary Rock.

A

Cementation Process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

It means “Changed Form.”

Enormous heat and pressure deep in Earth’s Crust can alter (Metamorphose) an existing rock into a new rock type that is completely different from the original by recrystallizing the minerals without creating molten rock matter.

Compared with the original rocks, the resulting metamorphic rocks are typically harder and more compact.

A

Metamorphic Rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

It is the process through which pre-existing rocks are transformed into metamorphic rocks normally occur at subsurface conditions (Resulting from but not limited to Deep Burial.)

All changes (Physical or Chemical) that rocks undergo occur in the solid state (No Melting Involved.)

A

Metamorphism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is a degradation process and does not involve movement of materials.

Involves two processes that often work together to decompose or break down rocks.

Is the process by which rocks are broken down into smaller pieces due to external conditions.

A

Weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Types of Weathering:

A
  1. Chemical Weathering or Decomposition
  2. Mechanical Weathering of Disintegration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

It takes place when at least some of the rock’s minerals are changed into different substances. It also decomposes rocks through chemical change.

A

Chemical Weathering or Decomposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The Agents of Chemical Weathering:

A
  1. Water
  2. Oxygen
  3. Carbon Dioxide
  4. Living Organisms
  5. Acid Rain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The Process of Chemical Weathering:

A
  1. Oxidation
  2. Hydrolysis
  3. Carbonation and Solution
  4. Biological Action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Involves physically breaking rocks into fragments without changing the chemical make-up of the minerals within them.

This can be caused by freezing and thawing, release of pressure, growth of plants, and actions of animals (including humans).

A

Mechanical Weathering or Disintegration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The Different Processes of Mechanical Weathering:

A
  1. Freeze-Thawing Weathering or Frost Wedging
  2. Insolation Weathering or Thermal Stress
  3. Unloading or Pressure Release
  4. Plant Growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The water expands as it freezes creating huge forces on the surrounding areas of the rock. These forces make the crack in the rock get bigger.

When the temperature warms up again, the frozen water thaws. This cycle of freezing and thawing is repeated over and over again. The huge forces created cause more cracks to appear in the rock.

A

Freeze-Thaw Weathering or Frost Wedging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

It results from the expansion and contraction of rocks caused by temperature change.

A

Insolation Weathering or Thermal Stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

It affects the rocks in one of two different ways - either by the surface layer of the rock expanding, or contracting, more than the center of the rock (often referred to as “onion skin”), or by the varying rates of expansion, or contraction, by the different minerals within the rock.

A

Thermal Weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anytime a material is exposed to a temperature change it will either expand or contract.

As temperature increases expansion occurs, and as temperature decreases contraction (shrinkage) occurs.

A

Onion Skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Occurs when the overlying rock is eroded away, causing the outer rock to expand more than the rock below.

This expansion may separate the outer rock from the rock body.

It is the removal of great weights of rock or ice that lie on the surface.

The process releases pressure on underlying rocks and causes them to expand upward and crack at the surface.

A

Unloading or Pressure Release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The Exfoliation due to the pressure released.

A

Sheeting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Roots of trees and other plants enter into cracks of rocks.

As the plants get bigger, so do the roots.The growing roots force the cracks further apart.

Powerful plant roots grow into rock cracks and cause fractures.

A

Plant Growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

It is the process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity moves fragments of rock and soil.

It is a degradation process.

It is the process of transporting weathered sediments by agents of erosion to different places.

A

Erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The Three Main Agents in Erosion:

A
  1. Water
  2. Glacier
  3. Wind
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

is the Primary Agent of Erosion on Earth.

A

Running Water or Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

It is a Major Erosion Agent in Hot and Dry Areas.

A

Wind

31
Q

It damages land and natural vegetation by removing soil from one place and depositing it in another.

It is much weaker when compared to the erosion by running water and glacial activity.

It is most effective in moving loose material.

A

Wind Erosion

32
Q

The Two Main Effects of Wind Erosion:

A
  1. Wind
  2. Suspended Particles
  3. Removes Fertile Topsoil
33
Q

The Process of Transportation of Weathered Materials:

A
  1. Solution
  2. Suspension
  3. Traction
  4. Saltation
34
Q

The Factors that Affect the Transportation of Particles:

A
  1. Particle Weight
  2. Particle Size
  3. Particle Shape
  4. Surface Configuration
  5. Medium Type Resistance of Particles to Cohesions
35
Q

These are naturally occurring, inorganic solids with an identifiable chemical composition and an ordered crystalline structure.

These are the fundamental components of rocks.

A

Minerals

36
Q

Five Requirements for a Material to be a Mineral:

A
  1. Solid
  2. Naturally Occurring, Not Man-Made
  3. In-organic, Not by a Product of Living Things
  4. Fixed Chemical Formula
  5. Specific Atomic Arrangement
37
Q

The Physical Properties of Minerals:

A
  1. Color
  2. Streak
  3. Hardness
  4. Crystal Form
  5. Cleavage
  6. Fracture
  7. Luster
    A. Metallic
    B. Non-Metallic
  8. Specific Gravity
38
Q

Chemical Properties of Mineral Tests:

A
  1. Taste Test
  2. Mineral Acid Test
  3. Magnetism
  4. Good Conductors of Electricity
39
Q

It is the downhill transport of surface materials in direct response to gravity.

Movement by mass wasting can be slow or rapid. Rapid Movement can be dangerous, such as Debris Flows.

Areas with steep topography and rapid rainfall are particularly susceptible to hazardous mass-wasting events.

A

Mass Wasting

40
Q

It is a general term for mass wasting that involves fast-moving geologic material.
Loose material along with overlying soils are what typically move during a mass wasting event.

A

Landslide

41
Q

Types of Mass Wasting:

A
  1. Rockfalls
  2. Rock Avalanches
  3. Rotational Slide
  4. Translational Slide
  5. Flows
  6. Soil Creep
  7. Topple
42
Q

These are abrupt rock movements that detach from steep slopes or cliffs. These are strongly influenced by gravity.

A

Rockfalls

43
Q

These are a common form of mass movement where the transported material is Dry Rock or Ice (Low-Temperature) that is fragmented before or during slopes failure, and are Rapid and often involve the entrainment of the slope material.

A

Rock Avalances

44
Q

A slump movement of regolith along a curved slip plane. It commonly shows slow movement along a curved rupture surface.

A

Rotational Slide

45
Q

It is a landslide that moves along an internal plane of weakness.

These are rapid movements along a plane of distinct weakness between the overlying slide material and more stable underlying material.

A

Translational Slide

46
Q

These are rapidly moving mass-wasting events in which the loose material is typically mixed with abundant water, creating long run outs at the slope base.

A

Flows

47
Q

Two Types of Flows:

A
  1. Debris Flow (Coarse Material - Grained Type)
  2. Earthflow (Fine Material - Fluid Type)
48
Q

It is a slow and steady movement.

It is the imperceptibly slow downward movement of material caused by side-to-side movement within an internal fabric or weakness.

Shear stress sufficient to produce permanent deformation in unconsolidated material

A

Soil Creep

49
Q

It is a rockfall where movement is initiated by the forward pivoting of the mass around an axis located in its lower part.

A

Topple

50
Q

The process of weathering. Erosion, mass wasting, and deposition are responsible for the continued reshaping of Earth’s surface.

A

Deposition & Depositional Landforms

51
Q

The geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or land mass or the aggradation or accumulation of weathered sediments to create different landforms.

A

Deposition

52
Q

Flat, low-lying land built up from soil carried downstream by a river and deposited at its mouth.

A

Deltas

53
Q

Fan-shaped deposits of sediment.

A

Alluvial Fans

54
Q

A broad strip of land built up by sedimentation on either side of a stream channel.

A

Flood Plain

55
Q

A naturally occurring ridge at the banks of a river.

A

Levees

56
Q

A ridge of rock debris deposited by a glacier.

A

Moraines

57
Q

Are snake-like ridges composed of sand and gravel that were deposited by streams once flowing in tunnels beneath glaciers.

A

Esker

58
Q

It is a streamlined hillock, commonly elongated parallel to the former ice flow direction, composed of glacial debris, formed beneath an actively flowing glacier.

A

Drumlins

59
Q

Are mounds of sand and gravel found the valley floor.

A

Kames

60
Q

It is a loose sediment with extensive deposits. It is a raw material for many mollisols , the best agricultural soils.

A

Loess

61
Q

A mound of wind deposited sand.

A

Sand Dunes

62
Q

It gets its energy from within Earth.

A

Endogenic Processes

63
Q

Tectonic Processes:

A
  1. Theories & Plate Boundaries
  2. Tectonic Forces and Processes
64
Q

It is the study of the processes that deform Earth’s crust.

A

Tectonics

65
Q

He suggested that the continents were all originally part of a huge landmass called Pangaea, that was surrounded by a single ocean called Panthalassa.

A

Alfred Wegner

66
Q

The Evidences of the Continental Drift Theory:

A
  1. The Fit of the Continents
  2. Glacial Depostis
  3. Fossil Evidence
67
Q

The remains, a freshwater crocodile-like reptile that lived during the early Permian (between 286 and 258 million years ago), are found solely in Southern Africa and Eastern South America.

A

Mesosaurus

68
Q

It is an extinct mammal-like reptile. The name literally means “Dog Jaw”.

A

Cynognathus

69
Q

Which literally means “Shovel Reptile” - was dominant on land in the early Triassic, 250 million years ago.

A

Lystrosaurus

70
Q

It was a woody, seed-bearing shrub or tree, named after the Greek description of ‘tongue’ – a description of the shape of the leaves.

A

Glossopteris

71
Q

It refers to fossils (especially rocks) formed millions of years ago and contain records of the direction of the magnetic poles at the time of their formation.

A study of rock magnetism showed that Earth’s magnetic field periodically reverses polarity.

A

Paleomagnetism

72
Q

It is a fracture separating one plate from another. All major interactions among individual plates occur along their boundaries.

A

Plate Boundaries

73
Q

3 Types of Plate Boundaries:

A
  1. Convergent Boundaries
  2. Divergent Boundary
  3. Transform Fault Boundary
74
Q
A

Earth & Life Science (1st & 2nd Grading Period) (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions