Cardio Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

CV disease usually happens in individual cattle except…

A
  • toxicities like ionophores and plants
  • high mountain disease
  • hardware disease
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2
Q

general signs of CVD?

A

abnormal jugular veins, edema, effusion in body cavities, murmurs, arrythmias, weight loss, intermittent fever, sudden death, exercise intolerance, diarrhea

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3
Q

if you see what 4 clinical signs you can predict CVD?

A

tachycardia, abnormal heart sounds, jugular distention, and peripheral edema

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4
Q

what are some general ways we can diagnose CVD?

A

historty, PE, echocardiography, BP, pericardiocentesis, ECG, rads (small calves only), and cardiac troponin 1 test

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5
Q

how useful is the cardiac troponin 1 test?

A

it can be useful in ruling things out; if its high it can be heart problems OR secondary disease, but if it’s low, you likely dont have CVD. helps you rule out and not rule in

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6
Q

how common is traumatic reticulopericarditis?

A

not common at all, rare outcome of hardware disease, but when it does happen it creates a constrictive pericarditis and reduced cardiac output

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7
Q

you have a cow that has a sudden drop in milk production and has abducted elbows. when you listen to the heart it sounds like sandpaper/washing machine but NO murmur. dx?

A

hardware disease–>traumatic reticulopericarditis

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8
Q

if you suspect a cow has hardware disease progressed to pericarditis what testing could you do?

A

CBC: neutrophilic leukocytosis
US–>pericardial effusion
pericardiocentesis on L side

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9
Q

how do you treat hardware disease in cows progressing to pericarditis?

A

salvage ASAP is no antibiotics were used but the carcass will likely be condemned

more conservative tx: antibiotics, rumenotomy

usually euthanize

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10
Q

pathogenesis of endocoarditis?

A

theres an abscess somewhere and then it travels to the R side of the heart–>tricuspid valve

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11
Q

you have a cow with an intermittent fever and a murmur. dx?

A

endocarditis

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12
Q

prognosis and treatment of endocarditis?

A

treatment with antibiotics may hols the disease in check but the cow will often regress

prognosis is grave and the valves are usually permanently damaged

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13
Q

explain what high mountain disease is

A

when cows are at a high elevation and are not well adjusted

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14
Q

clinical signs of high mountain disease

A

usually slow onset, weak, depressed, unthirfty, and signs of R sided heart failure like brisket edema, jugular pulse, etc.

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15
Q

pathogenesis of high mountain disease

A

low oxygen leads to chronic alveolar hypoxeia, leading to a bovine artery reaction (vasoconstriction), causing increased vascular resistance which creates pulmonary hypertension, leading to RV hypertrophy and R sided heart failure–>brisket edema, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, ascites

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16
Q

what breed is predisposed to high mountain disease?

A

angus cows

17
Q

possible prevention of high mountain disease?

A

breed it out of the herd using genetic testing

18
Q

what is one “test” you can do to determine if a cow is at risk of high mountain disease

A

use pulmonary arterial pressure, if its higher than 49mmhg, they have a high risk of developing HMD

19
Q

do cows with high mountain disease have a heart murmur?

A

NOOOOOO gurl

20
Q

how do you treat high mountain disease?

A

bring em down in altitude LMAO but if they’re already recumbent GAME OVER

meds like diuretics and dex dont work dont try

21
Q

white muscle disease is a result of what? what do cardiac lesions look like? best way to diagnose this?

A

vit E & selenium deficinecy

cardiac signs are not common though

lesions: myocardial damage–>check the skeletal muscles for white streaking

use serum cardiac troponin 1, CK, AST–>all will be increased
UA stick positive for “blood” but its actually myoglobin

22
Q

what toxin causes myocarditis?

A

ionophore toxicosis–>monsensin, lasalocid

usually an accidental overdose with feed mixing errors

ruminants are fairly resistant

23
Q

CS of ionophore toxicosis? how to diagnose?

A

multiple animals affected, anorexia, weakness, muscle tremors, heart failure

if alive: serum troponin 1 test

PM: dilated heart & pulmonary congestion

24
Q

what bacteria commonly causes myocarditis? what other body systems does it affect? what do lesions look like?

A

histophilus somni

respiratory, joints, cardiac, neurologic

lesions: pale lesions in the papillary muscles/myocardial wall. acute lesions are more dark while chronic lesions are more pale

25
Q

what is the most common arrhythmia in cows and what is it associated with? why does this happen?

A

atrial fibrilation usually associated with GI dysfunction like DAs

increased vagal tone and electrolyte disturbances from GI disease causes the disturbances

26
Q

CS of atrial fibrilation? treatment

A

irregularly irregular rhythmm variations in pulse amplitude, pulse deficits

tx: find and fix the GI problem

27
Q

most common types of congenital cardiac disease in cows?

A

VSD most common, can be ASD too

28
Q

you are examining a calf that has a heart murmur with a palpable thrill and has exercise intolerance and is a RUNT. DX?

A

VSD

left to R shunting

remember loudness of the murmur does not have anything to do with the size of the murmur

29
Q

PE or history things unique to the following:
- endocarditis
- pericarditis
- HMD
- ionophore toxicity

A

endo: murmur
pericarditis: no murmur but sandpaper sounds or decreased heart sounds
HMD: history, angus cows
ionophore tox: new feed software, new employees, mixing errors

30
Q
A