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VETM 540 > Calf Diarrhea > Flashcards

Calf Diarrhea Flashcards

1
Q

T or F, the specific agent causing scours in calves is very important to determine to solve the problem

A

False! specific agent is less important than risk factor triggers

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2
Q

what are the 3 aspects of the epidemiology of neonatal calf diarrhea?

A

pathogen, host, environment

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3
Q

true or false: calf scours is NEVER an individual animal problem

A

true! treating an individual and not asking about the rest of the herd is malpractice

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4
Q

list some causes of diarrhea in calves (there are a ton of these bestie just do your best)

A

ETEC (K99) or other E coli
salmonella
clostridium perfringens type C
campylobacter jejuni
rotavirus
coronavirus
totavirus
cryptosporidium
eimeria
giardia
yeast
nutritional

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5
Q

what exactly is nutritional scours?

A
  • when the calf receives poor quality milk replacer or inappropriate replacer mixing
  • if there’s sudden dietary changes
  • over feeding
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6
Q

true or false: calves with nutritional scours have systemic signs

A

false, they should not be systemic, should be bright and alert, and should resolve in a few days

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7
Q

the most important pathogen causing diarrhea in calves less than 5 days old is ______

A

enterotoxigenic E coli (ETEC)

most common strain is F5/K99

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8
Q

why is it important to find virulence factors to confirm a diagnosis of ETEC?

A

because E coli is prevalent in fecal culture, but we don’t know if its specifically F5/K99, so we need to make sure! If a test comes back positive for E coli but we dont know the specific E coli, it may not actually be what is causing the diarrhea

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9
Q

how does a calf usually get ETEC? pathogenesis?

A

ingested from the environment, attaches to the intestinal epithelium and really likes the ileum, then spreads to the duodenum and produces toxins causing a secretory diarrhea. EPITHELIUM REMAINS IN TACT

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10
Q

_____ typically infects 5-15 day old calves, but can infect younger and older ones too

A

rotavirus

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11
Q

pathogenesis of rotavirus infection causing diarrhea

A

adult cattle and older calves excrete the virus into the environment, the calf ingests the virus from the environment, virus kills the villous enterocytes and reduces absorptive surface area causing a malabsorptive diarrhea. also toxin induced secretory diarrhea

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12
Q

rotavirus targets the ________ , which means ____

A

mature villar cells

the developing/immature cells quickly replace and there is minimal epithelial damage and it quikcly resolves

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13
Q

true or false: rotavirus often results in coinfection

A

true

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14
Q

clinical signs of rotavirus

A

profuse watery diarrhea, dehydration, depression, weakness, hypoglycemia

high morbidity and low mortality

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15
Q

which virus is similar to rotavirus but infects slightly older calves and causes more severe disease?

A

coronavirus

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16
Q

which virus causes winter dysentery in adults associated with BRD?

A

coronavirus

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17
Q

coronavirus typically infects calves that are how old

A

5-21 days old

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18
Q

coronavirus targets what cells?

A

crypt AND villous enterocytes, which means worse maldigestive and malabsorptive diarrhea

crypt loss=prolonged illness and more severe acidosis and dehydration

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19
Q

which has higher mortality, coronavirus or rotavirus? why?

A

coronavirus because it infects the crypt and villous enterocytes. rotavirus just infects the villous cells

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20
Q

which bacteria causing diarrhea in calves is provincially reportable?

A

salmonella enterica subsp enterica

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21
Q

which salmonella serovar causes systemic disease in young and adult cows, and which serovar causes acute diarrhea and outbreaks in calves less than 2 months old?

A

S. dublin: systemic disease, young and adults
S. typhimurium: acute diarrhea, outbreaks less than 2 months of age

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22
Q

which diarrhea pathogen infects calves usually before 28 days of age, and can cause a chronic carrier state?

A

salmonella enterica

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23
Q

You go see a set of calves that are 20 days old, all with a transient fever, dullness, anorexia, malodourous diarrhea with some mucus and blood, and are a little cold. When talking with the farmer, you also found one calf dead on the ground. What pathogen are you worried about

A

salmonella

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24
Q

how does salmonella cause disease? why does diarrhea develop?

A

it invades the intestinal mucosa and multiplies in lymphoid tissue and can evade host immune systems leading to systemic disease

diarrhea develops due to inflammatory response to an infection

25
Q

a farmer has had a few calves with diarrhea suddenly die, and you do a necropsy and find intestines with fibrin deposits, blood everywhere, and lots of liquid. the mesenteric lymph nodes are also enlarged. what pathogen do you think caused this?

A

salmonella

26
Q

which diarrhea pathogen is characterized by the following:
- very zoonotic and very common
- lots of subclinical infection
- infect calves 8-14 days old

A

cryptosporidium parvum

27
Q

pathogenesis of crypto diarrhea

A

causes villous atrophy and disruption of the epithelial barrier causing inflammation–>malabsorptive diarrhea

28
Q

which diarrhea pathogen is characterized by the following:
- high infection rate with low case fatality
- infects calves older than 21 days old

A

coccidosis/eimera

29
Q

clinical signs of coccidiosis in calves

A

diarrhea, dysentery (mucus and blood), tenesmus, painful abdomen

30
Q

pathogenesis of coccidosis diarrhea

A

exfoliation of intestinal mucosa causing diarrhea and possible hemorrhage

31
Q

list the diarrhea pathogens from infecting youngest cows to infecting oldest cows using your pneumonic: “every cat runs, climbs, & catches silly grey antelopes, crikey!”

A

ECRCCSGAC

E coli, C perfingens, rotavirus, coronavirus, crypto, salmonella, giardia, attaching and effacing e coli, coccidia

32
Q

best diagnosgtic for calf diarrhea is

A

a fresh carcass (acute and untreated) and/or feces from live (acute and untreated)

33
Q

important things to remember when collecting necropsy samples for investigating diarrhea in calves? are there special considerations for culture vs viral isolation?

A

collect various samples of the gut, cut lengthwise and put in formalin, also collect from major organs and an ear notch to check for BVDV

for culture: tie off loops of each section of bowel and mesenteric LN and submit fresh in separate labelled bags

for virology: fresh feces OR tires off loops of bowel in separate bags

for parasites: feces for float and FAT for crypto/giardia

for mineral/toxicology: liver fresh or frozen

34
Q

what is septicemia?

A

inflammatory response to bacteremia or endotoxemia resulting in systemic signs, usually E coli. high fatality rate and requires aggressive therapy.

35
Q

what are clinical signs of septicemia?

A

severe depression, tachypnea, anorexia, hyperemia of mms, injected sclera. as it progresses, weak pulses and cold extremities

36
Q

calves usually get septicemia in 2 ways, what are they?

A

calves less than 2 weeks old with failure transfer of passive immunity

calves with neonatal calf diarrhea involving bacterial translocation of the gut

37
Q

septicemia can be mistaken for pneumonia because…

A

it causes metabolic acidosis (which also happens in pneumonia)

38
Q

describe mild, moderate, and severe dehydration findings for calves

A

mild (6-8% dehydrated): slightly depressed, 2-4mm of eyeball recession, and 1-2 sec skin tent

moderate (8-10% dehydrated): depressed, 4-6mm eyeball recession, 2-5 second skin tent

severe (10-12% dehydrated): comatose, 6-8mm eyeball recession, 5-10 second skin tent

39
Q

based on the dehydration table we have to memorize @%^##&@&#@#^@&^# >:( , which calves need IV fluids and which ones dont?

A

for mild dehydration, they don’t need it, but moderate and severe dehydration calves need it

40
Q

mentation is relative to the level of ____

A

acidemia

41
Q

what kinds of things are associated with acidemia?

A

inability to stand, weakness, ataxia, poor suckle reflex, and a slow palpebral reflex

42
Q

what acid base derrangement do scouring calves get?

A

metabolic acidosis

loss of bicarb in the feces, decreased renal excretion of H+ ions, poor perfusion=lactate

43
Q

why is D-lactate is produced by bacteria?

A

as a result of maldigestion and malabsorption of carbohydrates in the gut

44
Q

what are the components of individual calf treatment for diarrhea? use “remember, cats prefer tuna my wanker”

A

replace fluids/electrolytes
correct acid base imbalances
provide energy support
treat the bacteremia/septicemia
mitigate pain
warm body to ideal temp

45
Q

we should give IV fluids when the calf is ____% dehydrated

A

8 or more

46
Q

when are oral electrolyte solutions a good option for calves with diarrhea?

A

in calves with normal mentation, <6% dehydrated, and HAS a suckle reflex

47
Q

you are treating a calf with diarrhea and you decide to go with OES. The owner asks what you should do about giving the calf milk. you say…

A

alternate milk feedings with OES and spread it out thru the day. DO NOT withhold milk! they need the energy!

48
Q

when are IV fluids indicated for calves?

A

if >8% dehydrated, if the calf cannot stand, or if the calf has a weak or absent suckle reflex

49
Q

how do you calculate how much IV fluids to give to the calf?

A

replacement fluids: % dehydrated x body weight

ongoing losses: usually 2-4 L a day

maintenance requirements: 50ml/kg/day

50
Q

what are the IV fluid options?

A

isotonic saline: slightly acidifying (probs not)
isotonic sodium bicarb: alkalinisation effect
LRS: most scouring calves have lactic acidosis so some say to avoid this
P-LYTE: affordable and closest to physiologic values :)

51
Q

how do you correct for acid base imbalances by adding bicarb to IV fluids?

A

add bicarb to IV fluids using this equation:
bicarb requirement=body weight kg x base deficit in mEq/L x 0.6

52
Q

besides adding bicarb to IV fluids, what other options are there for correcting acid base imbalances?

A

there is isotonic saline with bicarb in it 1.3% solution: can give 10% of isotonic bicarb over 3-4 hours

hypertonic saline (doesn’t correct acidemia)

hypertonic bicarb 8.4%: 5-10ml/kg over 10 minutes

53
Q

if you are using hypertonic solutions to correct acid base derrangement, what do you need to remember?

A

allows follow up with additional fluids like OES or IV

54
Q

how do you provide energy support in a calf with neonatal diarrhea?

A

can give dextrose IV. it is non alkalinizing and it is not sufficient on its own due to lack of sodium

add 5-10% to other solutions

55
Q

true or false: popular oral sulfa boluses are not recommended for bacteremia/septicemia for calves with diarrhea

A

true, dont use them!

56
Q

which calves should you be giving antibiotics to and what are your options?

A

calves that exhibit systemic signs of illness AND/OR have blood or mucus in the feces

ceftiofur, ampicillin

for salmonella: amoxocillin, TMS, cefitofur, but usually need culture and sensitivity

57
Q

what is the drug Halofuginone for?

A

an anti-protozoal solution that can reduce clinical signs of crypto

58
Q

what NSAIDs should you use for these calves with diarrhea?

A

meloxicam or flunixin

VETM 540 (34 decks)

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