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Geography 🌎 > P2 SA Rio de Janeiro ✈️ > Flashcards

P2 SA Rio de Janeiro ✈️ Flashcards

1
Q

Where is Rio de Janeiro?

A

S America
SE Brazil
Close to São Paulo
Found on the Atlantic ocean

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2
Q

Name the 4 main landmarks of Rio

A

Christ the Redeemer statue
Ipanema + Copacabana beaches
Sugarloaf mountain
Guanabara bay

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3
Q

In what way is Rio regionally important?

A

Statue of Christ the redeemer (one of 7 wonders of the world)

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4
Q

How is Rio nationally important?

A

Brazil’s 2nd most important industrial city - produces 5% of country’s GDP

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5
Q

How is Rio internationally important?

A

Important international hub with 5 ports and 3 airports

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6
Q

North zone of Rio:
Main ___ and __ area
International airport and Maracana ____
Squatter settlements (___)

A

Industrial
Port
Football stadium
Favelas

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7
Q

Centro Zone:
Oldest part of Rio - _____ ____
CBD and shopping
____ centre

A

Historic buildings
Financial

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8
Q

South zone:
Main ____ area with Ipanema + Copacabana beaches
Luxury flats - _____ part of South America
Overlooked by ____ (largest favela in S America)

A

Tourist
Wealthiest
Rocinha

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9
Q

West Zone:
Wealthy suburb with apartments, shopping, tourist facilities
Campo Grande - ___ area with low quality housing around the steelworks
____ stadium and village

A

Industrial
Olympic

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10
Q

How and why has Rio grown?
Rio is Brazil’s ___ largest city
Brazil is in stage __ of the DTM
__% of urban growth is a result of migration

A

2nd
3
65%

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11
Q

Where are people coming from and why?
Amazon Basin, Argentina and Bolivia because…

A

Lack of job opportunities outside of primary industry

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12
Q

Where are people coming from and why?
S Korea and China because…

A

Seeking business opportunities

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13
Q

People come from Portugal because…

A

Common language

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14
Q

Social Challenges and Opportunities in Rio:
What are the social challenges?

A

Healthcare
Education
Water supply
Energy

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15
Q

In 2013 what % of Rio had a local health clinic?
Services for the ___ and ____ were very poor
There were differences in healthcare across districts of ____ ___

A

55%
Elderly
Pregnant women
Varying wealth

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16
Q

Solutions / opportunities: healthcare?

A

Medical staff took health kit into Santa Marta favela
Treated diseases —> infant mortality fell, life expectancy increased

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17
Q

Children can drop out of school at what age?
Many who leave school become involved in what?

A

14
Crime

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18
Q

Solutions / opportunities: education?

A

Encouraging locals to volunteer at schools
Grants to poor families
Free sports lessons in Rocinha
Private university in Rocinha

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19
Q

__% of Rio’s population didn’t have access to running water
__% is lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access

A

12%
37%

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20
Q

Solutions / opportunities: water supply?

A

Work to improve quality / quantity of water in favelas + Olympic park
New treatment plants built
New pipes laid
By 2014 95% of population had mains water supply

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21
Q

The city suffers frequent ___ due to an electricity ____

A

Blackouts
Shortage

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22
Q

Many people in the poorer parts of Rio get their electricity by…
Why is this bad?

A

Tapping into the main supply
This is risky and unsafe

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23
Q

Solutions / opportunities: energy?

A

New power lines
New nuclear generator
New Simplicio hydro-electric complex which will increase supply by 30%

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24
Q

Economic Challenges in Rio:

A

Unemployment
Crime

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25
Q

What % of people in Rio are employed in public services?

A

70%

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26
Q

Rio provides how much of Brazil’s employment?

A

More than 6%

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27
Q

All of Rio’s ___ have massively boosted the city’s ____. This development has allowed for improvements in _____ ____, services, the ___ and the favelas

A

Industries
Economy
Transport infrastructure
Environment

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28
Q

3 industries contributing to the positive multiplier effect in Rio are:

A

Oil + gas
Container terminal
Volta Redonda steelworks

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29
Q

What is the informal economy?

A

Money earned that is not taxed (cash in hand)
Unregulated
Eg street vendors, handicraft, labourers, drug dealers, drivers

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30
Q

What is the formal economy?

A

Money that is taxed and contributes to country’s GDP
Regulated
Eg retail, port industries, finance, tourism

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31
Q

Advantages of informal economy?

A

Provides unskilled workers with jobs
No tax paid to govt
Flexibility

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32
Q

Disadvantages of informal economy?

A

Uninsured
Poorly paid (under £60 / month)
Irregular work

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33
Q

Economic Challenge: Unemployment
___ recession in Brazil increased ___ in ___

A

2015
Contrasts
Wealth

34
Q

What is the unemployment rate in favelas?

A

Over 20%

35
Q

The richest 1% earns how much of total income?

A

12%

36
Q

Poorest 50% only earns __% of total income

A

13%

37
Q

Unemployment Solution: Schools of Tomorrow Programme
What does it do?

A

Tackles youth unemployment using education
Improves education in poor / violent areas
Practical skills-based courses
Adults can attend
Free childcare for teenage parents

38
Q

Economic Challenge: Crime
___, ___ and assault are regular
Powerful ___ control ___ trafficking in many favelas

A

Murder
Kidnapping
Gangs
Drug

39
Q

Social unrest lowers ___ __ in some areas - businesses are ___ to ___ in these areas

A

Economic output
Scared
Operate

40
Q

Crime Solution: Pacifying Police Units
What are they and what do they do?

A

Reclaim favelas from criminals / dealers
Police have taken control of Complexo de Alemao and other favelas
Usually kill criminals, not arrest - civilians can be caught in crossfire
Try to rebuild communities

41
Q

What are the advantages of the Pacifying Police Units?

A

Drug gangs pushed out of favelas
Lower crime rates
More schools built
Increased property values

42
Q

What are the disadvantages of the Pacifying Police Units?

A

Police brutality has led to accidental civilian deaths
People have to start paying for water and electricity they used to get for free
People have to pay taxes they can’t afford
Drugs still huge issue

43
Q

Environmental Challenges:

A

Air pollution + traffic congestion
Water pollution
Waste pollution

44
Q

Environmental Challenge: Air Pollution and Traffic Congestion
Heavy congestion causes buildup of ___ __ which mix with ___ from the Atlantic and ___ from factory chimneys

A

Exhaust fumes
Mists
Pollutants

45
Q

How many people die per year in Rio due to bad air quality?

A

5000

46
Q

Steep mountains mean…

A

Roads can only be build on low lands so main routes get jammed

47
Q

Number of cars in Rio has increased by…

A

40%

48
Q

Why do people prefer to travel by car in Rio?

A

High crime

49
Q

Solutions to Air Pollution / Traffic Congestion in Rio?

A

Expansion of metro system
Roads that you have to pay to use
Making coast roads one way during rush hour

50
Q

Environmental Challenge: Water Pollution
Guanabara bay is highly polluted, causing threats to…

A

Wildlife
Tourism to Ipanema and Copacabana

51
Q

How many polluted rivers flow into Guanabara Bay?

A

55

52
Q

How many tonnes of sewage flow into the bay each day?

A

200

53
Q

Ships empty what in the bay?

A

Their fuel tanks

54
Q

Solutions: Water Pollution

A

Overseas aid has reduced amount of sewage into bay
New sewage works built
Ships fines for illegally discharging fuel
New sewage pipes in worst areas

55
Q

Environmental Challenge: Waste Pollution
What is the root cause of the waste issue?

A

The favelas

56
Q

Why is waste collection difficult in favelas?

A

Steep slopes with no proper roads - difficult for waste lorries to access

57
Q

Solution: Waste Pollution

A

Power plant set up which uses methane gas (biogas) from rotting rubbish
Produces enough electricity for 1000 homes

58
Q

Why are the favelas growing?

A

People have moved from Amazon and areas of drought to seek better life
Birth rate is higher in favelas

59
Q

How many favelas are there?

A

Up to 1000

60
Q

Where are the favelas?

A

60% in suburbs
25% in outer cities

61
Q

What are the challenges of favelas?

A

Construction
Services
Unemployment
Crime
Health

62
Q

Houses in favelas are ____ constructed, built with ___ ___

A

Poorly
Basic materials

63
Q

___ in 1000 people are murdered in favelas

A

20

64
Q

Average incomes in favelas are…

A

Under £75 / month

65
Q

Some favelas are built on ___ ___ which are ___ prone

A

Steep slopes
Landslide

66
Q

Employment in favelas is ____ paid and ____

A

Poorly
Irregular

67
Q

What dominate many favelas?

A

Drug gangs

68
Q

Why do people in favelas distrust police?

A

Violence and corruption

69
Q

Infant mortality rates in favelas are…

A

50 in 1000

70
Q

What increases the risk of disease in favelas?

A

Waste cannot be properly disposed

71
Q

What improvements have been made to Rocinha?

A

90% of houses built with brick and have electricity, water and sewage
Many houses with TVs and fridges
Newspapers + radio stations
Retail facilities (shops, bars, restaurants)
Schools, health facilities, private university

72
Q

Up until 1930 what did the government do about favelas?

A

Deny their existence - not on any maps, no basic services

73
Q

In 1985 it was suggested that instead of ___ the favelas they should ___ them

A

Destroying
Upgrade

74
Q

Improvements include rehousing people in basic ___ housing, raising ___ on the rich to pay for housing for the poor, using ____ and colours to improve look of buildings, developing ___ areas to encourage people to stay in countryside, and moving people to less crowded areas of Rio to reduce ____

A

Concrete
Taxes
Artwork
Rural
Overcrowding

75
Q

What is the Favela Bairro project?

A

A site and service scheme - land and services are provided for residents to build homes

76
Q

Where is the Favela Bairro Project?

A

Complexo de Alemao (North zone)

77
Q

How many people involved in Favela Bairro?

A

60,000

78
Q

What improvements has the Favela Bairro project made? (Name 5)

A

Paved roads
Access to water supply
Improved sanitation
Hillsides secured to prevent landslides
Police pacifying unit patrolling community
Cable car systems across hillside - residents given 1 free return ticket per day

79
Q

What have been the successes of the Favela Bairro project?

A

Number of local businesses has almost doubled
Standard of living and health of residents has improved
Property values have increased by 80-120%

80
Q

What have been the failures of the Favela Bairro project?

A

Rent and house prices rise —> poorer people are priced out of their homes
New buildings not being maintained by government
More training needed to improve literacy and employment
Residents lack skills to repair damage

81
Q

What negative effects have the Olympics had on the favelas?

A

Favelas demolished for arena construction
1000 people lost homes for new road
Some of new housing lacks community, has no shops or anywhere for children to play

82
Q

What positive effects have the Olympics had on the favelas?

A

Some people relocated to better housing
Favelas near Olympic park redeveloped
Employment building Olympic facilities

Geography 🌎 (8 decks)

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