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Human Geography > Global Systems & Global Governence > Flashcards

Global Systems & Global Governence Flashcards

1
Q

What is FDI?

A
  • Foreign direct investment, an investment by one country or business with another country
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2
Q

What is deindustrialisation?

A
  • A reduction in industrial capacity, leading to social and economic change within a region
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3
Q

What is diaspora?

A
  • ‘To scatter about’
  • People displaced from their homeland, voluntarily or forced
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4
Q

What is glocalisation?

A
  • The adaptation of a good offered by a TNC to suit a local market
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5
Q

What is offshoring?

A
  • Company moves parts of its operation to another country, often to save money
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6
Q

What is outsourcing?

A
  • A business contracts outside business to complete some of their work, with aim to reduce costs
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7
Q

What is periphery region?

A
  • Less wealthy, developing countries that have less power over global markets
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8
Q

What is special economic zones (SEZ) ?

A
  • Regions where the government offer incentives to attract industry
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9
Q

What is a TNC?

A
  • A company which operates in different countries to where they are originally based
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10
Q

What is a trade bloc?

A
  • A group of countries that act together to promote trade and a free movement of goods and services between member states
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11
Q

What is World Trade Organisation?

A
  • Members seek substantial reductions on tariffs and trade barriers and the elimination of preferences on a mutually advantageous basis
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12
Q

What is remittances?

A
  • Money sent home to friends and family by migrants living in a different location
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13
Q

What is repatriation of profits?

A
  • TNC’s operating in foreign countries will usually send profits back to TNC headquarters
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14
Q

What is the definition of globalisation?

A
  • The increasing interconnectedness of economies across the world
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15
Q

Suggest some of the causes of flows of capital around the world

A
  • FDI
  • Aid
  • Trade
  • Migration
  • Remittances
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16
Q

Describe the main pattern of flows of labour across the world

A
  • Most migrants move within regions/neighbouring regions rather than across large distances
  • Most economic migrants have a reasonable level of education and wealth
  • North America and Europe have received the largest number of Asian migrants
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17
Q

What has facilitated increasing flows of products across the globe?

A
  • Reduced transaction costs
  • Containerism
  • Reduction in trade tariffs
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18
Q

Why are flows of information important in globalisation?

A
  • Facilitates the spread of industrial technology
  • Helps businesses develop by providing business services
  • Leads to expansion of knowledge of intensive goods
  • Supports development of hi-tech products
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19
Q

What 3 countries receive the largest amount of FDI?

A
  • USA, China, Belgium
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20
Q

What attracts investors to invest in certain countries than others?

A
  • Natural resources
  • Large populations
  • Strong financial business services
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21
Q

What type of countries is the growth rate of global trade the greatest?

A
  • Emerging economies
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22
Q

What are the 2 largest trade organisations?

A
  • NAFTA (North American free trade agreeement)
  • EU (European unions
23
Q

What is meant by global interdependence?

A
  • The relationship between 2 or more countries, usually in terms of trade and industry
  • What happens in 1 country can have a big effect in another
24
Q

What do LEDC’s supply?

A
  • Low-priced manufactured goods
  • Raw materials including minerals, timber, food etc
25
Q

What do MEDC’s supply?

A
  • High-tech manufactured goods
  • Knowledge of modern technology
  • Skilled workers
  • People seeking different holiday destinations
26
Q

How did China attract foreign investment?

A

-Set up SEZ’S between 1980 and 1994 where tax incentives were offered to companies who set up factories
- 2008 Beijing olympics attracted investment

27
Q

How did China reduce population growth?

A
  • The one-child policy was set up in 1979
28
Q

Describe the spatial organisation of production processes in TNC’s

A
  • Primary sector production takes place in locations with lots of natural resources, in developing countries
  • Secondary sector production takes place in recently industrialised countries such as Asia because they offer an efficient workforce
  • TNC’s may locate production processes strategically to gain access to certain markets or trade blocs
29
Q

What is bilateral trade agreements?

A
  • Trade agreements between 2 countries
30
Q

What is multilateral trade agreements?

A
  • Trade agreements between several countries
31
Q

Suggest how globalisation can lead to geopolitical stability?

A
  • Interconnections between countries mean they have more common goals
  • Increased interdependence
  • Formation of WTO has facilitated good geopolitical relations
  • Improved communication systems have made cooperations and communications easier
32
Q

What is meant by global GOVERNENCE?

A
  • Management of affairs affecting the whole world
33
Q

What are example of organisations that help maintain global systems?

A
  • The United Nations
  • World Trade organisation
  • World Health organisation
  • World Bank
  • International Monetary Fund
34
Q

Outline work the UN has carried out to promote growth and stability

A
  • UN development programme
  • Millennium development goals
  • Sustainable development goals
  • UN environment programme
  • UN framework convention on climate change
35
Q

Suggest how the UN have created inequality and injustices

A
  • UN peacekeeping troops have been crucified for crimes against vulnerable citizens including sexual assault
  • Not interfering when they should have (not preventing 1971 Bangladesh genocide)
  • Decisions are often made to benefit per ment at members over other members
36
Q

Outline the spatial organisation of Apple

A
  • Apple is a global brand which has it’s main operations based across North America, Europe and Asia
  • Main headquarters are based in Silicone Valley in California
  • Apple’s main production is outsourced to Foxconn City because Apple can cheaply pay employees and buy cheap land, attract lots of high skilled workers
  • Sales are centered at it’s sales headquarters in Cork, Ireland where 6000 are employed
  • Research and development takes place at Apple Campus in California
37
Q

What are the benefits for Apple (USA)

A
  • In 2014, Apple sold over 74.5 million iPhones and made $11.8 billion in quarterly profits
  • Less money needed to spend in because wages are lower in China and land is cheap to buy
  • 6000 workers in Cork, Ireland working on sales attracting more high-tech firms
38
Q

What are the costs for Apple (USA)

A
  • Most of the high-skilled workers in Ireland are from the EU so Apple isn’t creating sufficient work
  • Since it’s growth, Apple has been the subject of many controversial claims about it’s business operations and impacts they have in which they operate
39
Q

What are the benefits for China?

A
  • Provides lots of good job opportunities
  • Lots of high-skilled workers so has a good reputation
40
Q

What are the costs for China?

A
  • 10 suicides in 2009 (brought damage to Apple’s reputation)
  • In 2010, 50 workers were poisoned with a toxic chemical
  • Employees work around 60 hours a week, wages are $100 a month
41
Q

What are the global commons ?

A
  • Resources or parts of the Earth that not one country or nation owns outright, they are shared
  • High seas
  • Atmosphere
  • Antartica
    Outer space
42
Q

What is the tragedy of commons?

A
  • Where countries may feel they can exploit the global commons without dealing with the consequences
43
Q

What are the 4 threats to Antartica?

A
  • Climate change
  • Fishing and whaling
  • Tourism
  • Search for mineral resources
44
Q

What is ASOC?

A
  • Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition
  • Monitors all issues that impact the Antarctic region
  • Contributed to the NGO voice for Antarctic environmental protection
45
Q

Outline the threats to Antarctica from fishing

A
  • Over-fishing threatens lots of species
  • Fishing practices are unsustainable
  • Antarctic Krill is the most fished sea animal for eating and for oil
  • Decreases population and affects food chain
46
Q

How is fishing and whaling being managed?

A
  • IWC introduced a whaling moratorium = banned commercial whaling around the world, including Antarctica which helped whale populations increase
  • Hover countries like Japan still whale for scientific research
  • ASOSC
  • NGO’s rely on donations form the public
47
Q

Outline the threats of tourism

A
  • Increases shipping and air travel = water population
  • Risk of boats hitting icebergs = oil spills
  • Tourists can disturb natural wildlife (fragile vegetation) (decomposition rates are slow)
  • Increasing tourists take part in high impact activities such as skiing or extended walks which threatens wildlife like penguins
48
Q

How is tourism managed?

A
  • The Antarctic Treaty 1959 says countries should operate on scientific research in Antarctica by sharing plans, researchers and results
  • The IIATO tries to ensure measures are put in place so tourism is more sustainable such as :
  • Tourists should wear high-vis jackets
  • No large ships with more than 500 passengers
  • Behaviour code such as not getting too close to wildlife, not disposing litter
  • Scott Polar Research Institute findings show that to date tourism has had mineral overall impact
49
Q

What are the threats of climate change?

A
  • Causes melting of ice that covers 98% of Antarctica
  • Leads to sea levels rising and rising albedo
  • Increased temperatures threatens food chains
  • Since 1970, krill has dropped by 80% due to climate change
  • Retreating glaciers
50
Q

How is climate change being managed?

A
  • NGO’s help to limit climate change and are part of the ASOC
  • Greenpeace conclude negotiations focusing on mitigating climate change
  • UNFCCC works to mitigate climate change and research for Antartica
  • UNEP governs the worlds environment, responsible for reporting activity in Antarctica
51
Q

Outline search for mineral resources as a threat

A
  • Companies and countries have interest in mining in the Antarctic because scientific expeditions have fond valuable minerals in some of these areas including copper, gold, lead, tin etc
52
Q

How is search for mineral resources being managed?

A
  • The protocol on environmental protection to the Antarctic treaty was signed in Madrid 1991
  • Designated Antarctica as a ‘natural reserve, devoted to peace and science’
  • Prohibits any nations from mining any resources
  • This will be signed until 2048 so new plans will need to be put in place
53
Q

Outline the climate of Antarctica

A
  • Polar desert
  • Precipitation is very low
  • Average temps are -50 but can reach -89
  • Known for being windiest, dries and coldest continent
  • Mean annual wind speed is 50mph
  • Average height of 2,500m above sea level (highest continent)
  • Most of coastline is fringed by ice shelves

Human Geography (5 decks)

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