Emergency situations

Question 1

what should we do if our hands got contiminated with secretion blood?

Answer 1

If the skin of the hands is contaminated with secretions blood, it is necessary to wash your hands with soap and water and thoroughly dry your hands with a disposable towel, treat them twice with an alcohol-containing antiseptic or 70% alcohol.

Question 2

what should we do if our gloves got contiminated?

Answer 2

Treat hands in contaminated gloves with a napkin moistened with a disinfectant, remove gloves, wash hands and treat twice with an alcohol-containing antiseptic or 70% alcohol. ‘‘Used gloves are disposed of as Class B medical waste.’’

Question 2

what should we do in case of injections or cuts?

Answer 2

In case of injections and cuts, gloves should be treated with a napkin, disinfectant, take off gloves, wash hands and treat twice with an alcohol-containing antiseptic or 70% alcohol, rub the wound with 5% alcohol tincture of iodine, put the patch.

Question 3

what we have to do if our dress gown got contiminated with blood or any other biological fluids?

Answer 3

If blood and other biological fluids of the patient get on the dressing gown, clothes: take off work clothes and immerse them in a disinfectant solution or send them to the laundry room for washing with disinfection in an airtight bag.

Question 4

what is the definition of antisepsis?

Answer 4

A process involving the destruction or inhibition of mico-organisms in living tissue thereby limiting or preventing the harmful effects of infection

Question 5

what is the definition of antiseptics?

Answer 5

Typically an antiseptic is a chemical agent that is applied to living tissue to kill microbes.

Question 6

what is the difference between antiseptics and disinfactant?

Answer 6

not all disinfectants are antiseptics because an antiseptic additionally must not be so harsh that it damages living tissue. Antiseptics are less toxic than disinfectants used on inanimate بی جان objects. Due to the lower toxicity, antiseptics can be less active in the destruction of normal and any pathogenic flora present.

Question 7

what is autoclave?

Answer 7

An autoclave is a high pressure device used to allow the application of moist heat above the normal-atmosphere boiling point of water.

'’Although physical methods are often superior to chemical disinfection / sterilization, it is not practical to autoclave or subject many items to high heat, especially if the items can be damaged through repeated exposure to heat.’’

Question 8

what is biocidal?

Answer 8

Active substances and preparations which serve to repel, render harmless or destroy chemically or biologically harmful organisms.

Question 9

what is biocide?

Answer 9

Substance or chemical that kills biological organisms.

Question 10

what is decontimination?

Answer 10

The killing of organisms or removal of contamination after use, with no quantitative implication, generally referring to procedures for making items safe before disposal.
کشتن ارگانیسم ها یا حذف آلودگی پس از استفاده بدون هیچ پیامد کمی که عموماً به روش هایی برای ایمن سازی اقلام قبل از دفع اشاره دارد

Question 11

what is disinfactent?

Answer 11

A germicide that inactivates virtually all recognized pathogenic microorganisms but not necessarily all microbial forms. They may not be effective against bacterial spores.
میکروب‌کشی که تقریباً همه میکروارگانیسم‌های بیماری‌زای شناخته‌شده را غیرفعال می‌کند، اما لزوماً همه اشکال میکروبی را غیرفعال می‌کند، ممکن است در برابر هاگ‌های باکتریایی مؤثر نباشند

Question 12

what is the persedure of disinfaction?

Answer 12

A procedure of treatment that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms with the exception of bacterial spores.

Question 13

what is germicide?

Answer 13

An agent that destroys microorganisms, particularly pathogenic microorganisms.

Question 14

what is patogenic?

Answer 14

A microbe or other organism that causes disease.

Question 15

what is the process of santization?

Answer 15

reducing microbial contamination to an acceptable “safe” level. The process of cleaning objects without necessarily going through sterilization.

Question 16

what is Steam Sterilization and how does it work?

Answer 16

Autoclave, the process of sterilization by the use of heated steam under pressure to kill vegetative microorganisms and directly exposed spores. Common temperature and pressure for being effective is 121°C (250°F) at 15 psi (pounds per square inch) over pressure for 15 minutes. Special cases may reqeuire a variation of the steam temperature and pressure used.

Question 17

what is Sterilization?

Answer 17

The complete elimination or destruction of all forms of life by a chemical or physical means. This is an absolute not a relative term.

Question 18

what is the diffrence between Strilization and Sanitization?

Answer 18

on sanitization we cannot reduce all the microorganizm just to an acceptable “safe” level but in strilization we completely eliminate the microorganism.

Question 19

how to acsertain the best suitability of a disinfactant against some particular agent ?

Answer 19

to challenge that agent with the disinfectant at the manufacturer’s سازنده، تولید کننده، recommended concentration مراقبت.

Question 20

frow what factors we can undrestant the best Treatment of inert surfaces and heat labile materials can be accomplished through the use of disinfectants?

Answer 20

• type and level of microbial contamination
• concentration of active ingredient
• duration of contact between disinfectant and item to be disinfected
• pH
• temperature
• humidity
• presence of organic matter or soil load

Question 21

name chemical disinfactent groups?

Answer 21

Aldehydes: (Formaldehyde, Paraformaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde)

Halogen-Based Biocides: (Chlorine Compounds & Iodophores)

Phenolics: (O-phenophenoate-base Compounds)

Acids/Alkalis

Heavy Metals

Alcohols

Question 22

what is formaldehydes?

Answer 22

Formaldehyde and its polymerized solid paraformaldehyde have broad-spectrum biocidal activity and are both effective for surface and space decontamination. As a liquid (5% concentration), formaldehyde is an effective liquid decontaminant. Its biocidal action is through alkylation of carboxyl, hydroxyl and sulfhydryl groups on proteins and the ring nitrogen atoms of purine bases. Formaldehyde’s drawbacks are reduction in efficacy at refrigeration temperature, its pungent, irritating odor, and several safety concerns. Formaldehyde is presently considered to be a carcinogen or a cancer-suspect agent according to several regulatory agencies.

Question 23

what is Chlorine Compounds and how does it work?

Answer 23

Chlorine compounds are good disinfectants on clean surfaces, but are quickly inactivated by organic matter and thus reducing the biocidal activity. They have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and are inexpensive and fast acting. Hypochlorites, the most widely used of the chlorine disinfectants, are available in liquid (e.g., Sodium hypochlorite), household bleach and solid (e.g., calcium hypochlorite, sodium dichloroisocyanurate) forms. Because of its oxidizing power, it loses potency quickly and should be made fresh and used within the same day it is prepared.
There are two potential occupational exposure hazards when using hypochlorite solutions. The first is the production of the carcinogen bis-chloromethyl ether when hypochlorite solutions come in contact with formaldehyde. The second is the rapid production of chlorine gas when hypochlorite solutions are mixed with an acid. Care must also be exercised in using chlorine – based disinfectants which can corrode or damage metal, rubber, and other susceptible surfaces. Bleached articles should never be autoclaved without reducing the bleach with sodium thiosulfate or sodium bisulfate.
Chloramine T which is prepared from sodium hypochlorite and p-toluenesulfonamide is a more stable, odorless, less corrosive form of chlorine but has decreased biocidal activity in comparison to bleach.
ترکیبات کلر ضدعفونی کننده های خوبی بر روی سطوح تمیز هستند، اما به سرعت توسط مواد آلی غیرفعال می شوند و در نتیجه فعالیت زیست کشی را کاهش می دهند. آنها طیف گسترده ای از فعالیت ضد میکروبی دارند و ارزان و سریع عمل می کنند. هیپوکلریت ها، که بیشترین استفاده را در بین ضدعفونی کننده های کلر دارند، به شکل های مایع (مانند هیپوکلریت سدیم)، سفید کننده خانگی و جامد (مانند هیپوکلریت کلسیم، دی کلرو ایزوسیانورات سدیم) در دسترس هستند. به دلیل قدرت اکسید کنندگی آن، به سرعت قدرت خود را از دست می دهد و باید در همان روزی که تهیه می شود تازه ساخته شود و استفاده شود.
هنگام استفاده از محلول های هیپوکلریت دو خطر احتمالی مواجهه شغلی وجود دارد. اولین مورد تولید بیس کلرومتیل اتر سرطان زا در تماس محلول های هیپوکلریت با فرمالدئید است. دوم تولید سریع گاز کلر زمانی که محلول های هیپوکلریت با اسید مخلوط می شود. همچنین باید در استفاده از ضدعفونی‌کننده‌های مبتنی بر کلر که می‌توانند فلز، لاستیک و سایر سطوح حساس را خورده یا آسیب ببینند، احتیاط کرد. محصولات سفید شده هرگز نباید بدون کاهش سفید کننده با تیوسولفات سدیم یا بی سولفات سدیم اتوکلاو شوند

Question 24

what is Iodophors and how does it work?

Answer 24

Iodophors are used both as antiseptics and disinfectants. An iodophor is a combination of iodine and a solubilizing agent or carrier; the resulting complex provides a sustained-release reservoir of iodine and releases small amounts of free iodine in aqueous solution. Antiseptic iodophors are not suitable for use as hard-surface disinfectants because they contain significantly less free iodine than do those formulated as disinfectants.
Wescodyne, Betadyne, Povidone-Iodine and other iodophors are commercially available Iodine-based disinfectants, which give good control when the manufacturer’s instructions for formulation and application are followed. Both bleach and iodophors should be made up in cold water in order to prevent breakdown of the disinfectant.

Question 25

what is Phenolics: (O-phenophenoate-base Compounds) and how does it work?

Answer 25

Phenolics are phenol (carbolic acid) derivatives. These biocides act through membrane damage and are effective against enveloped viruses, rickettsiae, fungi and vegetative bacteria. They also retain more activity in the presence of organic material than other disinfectants. Cresols, hexachlorophene, alkyl- and chloro derivatives and diphenyls are more active than phenol itself. Available commercial products are Lysol, Pine-Sol, Amphyl, O-syl, Tergisyl, Vesphene, L- Phase and Expose.

Question 26

what is Acids/Alkalis and how does it work?

Answer 26

Strong mineral acids and alkalis have disinfectant properties proportional to the extent of their dissociation in solution. Some hydroxides are more effective than would be predicted from their values. In general acids are better disinfectants than alkalis. Mode of action is attributed to an increase of H+ and OH– species in solutions which interfere with certain microbial functions, however the total effect is not only dependent on pH alone. Weak organic acids are more potent than inorganic acids despite low dissociation rates in solution. Action is attributed to the disruption of 2° and 3° conformation of enzymes and structural proteins.

Question 27

what is Heavy Metals and how does it work?

Answer 27

Soluble salts of mercury, silver lactate, mercuric chloride and mercurous chloride are efficient bactericidal agents. Silver nitrate and mercuric chloride are commonly used as 1:1000 aqueous solutions. Action is through attack on protein sulfhydryl groups and disruption of enzyme functions. Organic matter can reverse the disinfectant properties of mercurials.
Caution: Please consult with EH&S’s Hazardous Materials group prior to using heavy metals because many of these must be disposed of as a hazardous waste. Specifically, disposal of elemental mercury and salts of mercury are very costly.

Question 28

what is Alcohols and how does it work?

Answer 28

Alcohols work through the disruption of cellular membranes, solubilization of lipids, and denaturation of proteins by acting directly on S-H functional groups. Ethyl and isopropyl alcohols are the two most widely used alcohols for their biocidal activity. These alcohols are effective against lipid-containing viruses and a broad spectrum of bacterial species, but ineffective against spore-forming bacteria. They evaporate rapidly, which makes extended contact times difficult to achieve unless the items are immersed.
The optimum bactericidal concentration for ethanol and isopropanol is in the range of 60% to 90% by volume. Their cidal activity drops sharply when diluted below 50% concentration. Absolute alcohol is also not very effective. They are used to clean instruments and wipe down interior of Biological Safety Cabinets and bottles, etc. to be put into Biological Safety Cabinets. Alcohols are generally regarded as being non-corrosive.

Question 29

how does Steam Autoclave works ?

Answer 29

Always consult with the Autoclave Manufacturer and/or Operators Manual for proper temperature, pressure, and time because these may be different that what is specified in this document.
Autoclaving at a temperature of 121oC (250○F), at 15 to 20 psi is one of the most convenient and effective means of sterilization available. The time is measured after the temperature of the material being sterilized reaches 121ºC (250ºF). Care must be taken to ensure that the steam can circulate around articles in order to provide even heat distribution. The success of the sterilization is very time-dependent in liquid media, with large volumes requiring longer periods of time to reach the effective temperature within the media itself. Additionally, there should be no void spaces in the load that could insulate against the steam – this condition could prevent the transference of heat to the vessels resulting in no sterilization of the contents.
In dry loads small amounts of water should be included inside the autoclave bag to ensure sufficient moisture content within the load to allow for heat transference and distribution. Autoclave tape can be used for routine runs where glassware or sterile media are prepared before use.

Question 30

what is Chemical Color Change Indicators and how does it work?

Answer 30

Chemical indicators for steam autoclaving change colors after being exposed for a few minutes to normal autoclave operating temperatures of 121ºC (250ºF). Hence, chemical indicators can give a quick visual reference for heat penetration inside the autoclave. Chemical indicators should be positioned near the center of each load, and toward the bottom front of the autoclave.

Question 31

what is Caution and how does it work?

Answer 31

Most chemical indicators can only be used to verify that your autoclave has reached normal operating temperatures for decontamination; they have no time factor. Chemical indicators alone are not designed to prove that organisms are actually killed during a decontamination cycle.

Question 32

what is Tape Indicators and how does it work?

Answer 32

Tape indicators are adhesive backed paper tape with heat sensitive, chemical indicator markings. Commonly used heat sensitive markings include diagonal stripes (autoclave tape), and/or the word “sterile”. These markings only appear when the tape has been exposed for a few minutes to normal autoclave decontamination temperatures.
Caution: Tape indicators can only be used to verify that your autoclave has reached normal operating temperatures for decontamination; they have no time factor. Tape indicators alone are not designed to verify that organisms are actually killed during a decontamination cycle.

Question 33

what is Biological Indicators and how does it work?

Answer 33

Biological indicators are designed to demonstrate that an autoclave is capable of killing microorganisms. EH&S recommends the use of commercially available Bacillus stearothermophilus spores to monitor the effectiveness of steam autoclaves. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the spore test. This test must be performed at least every 90 days. Always post the results of the test on or near the autoclave – Date Performed; Test Result; Name of Person doing test.

Question 34

what is Dry Heat and how does it work?

Answer 34

Ovens operating at 160° – 170°C for periods of 2-4 hours are efficient for sterilizing glassware, or other non-porous heat conductive materials. It is unsatisfactory for organic and inorganic materials that can act as insulation and is also unsuitable for heat labile materials. Incineration is a very effective means of final sterilization and disposal, and is also used for “spot” sterilization of inoculating needles and loops as well as flaming glassware during microbiological culturing procedures. Care has to be exercised when flaming “charged” items, since this practice can release infectious micro-aerosols through spattering.

Question 35

what is Radiation and how does it work?

Answer 35

Ionizing radiation is not used for general laboratory sterilization, however ultraviolet radiation (U.V.) is used to control airborne microorganisms and environmental surface decontamination. Ultraviolet sources are used in biological safety cabinets for partial contamination control and should be turned on only when cabinets or enclosures are not in use. This form of control is extremely limited due to its poor penetrating power, susceptibility to air movement, requirement for long contact time periods, and has not been documented as an effective control method.
The eyes and skin should not be exposed to direct or strongly reflecting UV radiation. Adequate eye and skin protection must be worn when working in an UV-irradiated area. Special safety glasses with side shields or goggles with solid side pieces should be worn. Skin protection is afforded by face shields, caps, gloves, gowns, etc.

Question 36

what is Vapors & Gases and how does it work?

Answer 36

From a practical point of view, formaldehyde, beta-propiolactone and ethylene oxide are not routinely used in laboratory sterilization practices. These sterilants are used in hospitals and commercial facilities where closed systems controlling temperature, humidity, and concentration are required to achieve sterilization using these agents.