C3 Structure and bonding Flashcards
What are the 3 common states of matter
Solid, liquid, gas
Describe a solid
-Hard to compress due to the particles being packed together in a regular pattern with almost no space in between
-fixed shape
-so cannot flow due to the fact they can’t move from place to place but can vibrate
Describe a liquid
-hard to compress due to particles being close together with not many spaces in between
-liquids take the shape of the container
-flow from place to place due to particles in liquid can move
Describe a gas
-Easy to compress due to particles being widely spaced
-Gases spread out to fill container due particles in gases moving quickly and randomly
How can you change state of a substance
By putting in or taking away energy
Describe melting
-Takes place at melting point / freezing point
-particles in liquid move around so have more kinetic energy than a solid so we have to put in energy to convert a solid to a liquid, this energy is needed to break down the forces of attraction between particles of a solid
-when forces are broken, particles can move around / we’ve changed the solid to a liquid
The stronger the forces of attraction between the particles the more / less energy we have to put in to break them.what does this mean about the melting point?
More
Higher
Solid -> liquid
Melting
Solid -> liquid
Melting
Liquid -> solid
Freezing
Liquid -> gas
Boiling
Gas -> liquid
Condensing
What are the limitations of the simple particle model
-assumes all particles are solid spheres (particles have lots of different shapes, not solid)
-assumes no forces between the particles (forces on particles have big impact on boiling and melting point of substance)
How many electrons are in first outer shell
2
How many electrons are in the 2nd and 3rd outer shell
8th
How many electrons are in 4th outer shell
18
Which group has a full outer shell?
Group 0
What are group 0 called?
Noble gases
Why do elements react?
To achieve a full outer shell
When a metal reacts with a non metal it is what type of bonding?
Ionic
Draw a dot cross diagram of lithium and flourine
Group 1 metals …………… forming a ….. ion
Lose 1 electron
1+
Group 7 metals …………… forming a ….. ion
Gain 1 electron
1-
Describe what is happening in the reaction of sodium chloride [4]
One electron passes from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom. Both atoms achieve a full outer shell.
Give the electronic structure of magnesium element
[2,8,2]
Draw the dot cross diagram for magnesium and oxygen
Group 2 metals ………….. forming a ….. Ion
Lose 2 electrons
2+ ion
Group 6 metals ………….forming a ….. ion
Gain 2 electrons
2- ion
Ionic compounds form what?
Giant structures where every positive ion is surrounded by negative ions and vice versa called a giant ionic lattice w
What are giant ionic lattices
Three dimensional
Very strong forces of attraction between positive and negative ions (electrostatic forces)
The strong electrostatic forces hold the ions in place
The electrostatic forces are also called ionic bonds and act in all directions
Properties of ionic compounds
-very high melting and boiling points due to electrostatic forces requiring a great deal of heat energy to break
-can’t conduct electricity as solid because ions can’t move due to being locked in place by electrostatic forces of attraction.
-can conduct when melted or dissolved in water due to ions being free to move and carry charge
Draw Energy level diagram for H2
What is a single covalent bond
One shared pair of electrons
Draw dot cross diagram for H2
Draw stick diagram for H2
H—H
Covalent bonding takes place between what type of elements?
Non-metals
Draw dot cross diagram for NH3
Draw energy level diagram for H2O
Draw stick diagram for CH4
Draw stick diagram for O2
O=O