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Gsce Chemistry > C1 Atomic structure > Flashcards

C1 Atomic structure Flashcards

1
Q

All substances are made from what?

A

Atoms

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2
Q

What does an element contain?

A

only one type of atom

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3
Q

What is Group 1 called?

A

The alkali metaks

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4
Q

What is group 2 called?

A

The alkaline earth metals

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5
Q

What is group 7 called?

A

The halogens

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6
Q

What is group 0 called?

A

The noble gases

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7
Q

What are the elements between group 2 and 3 called?

A

transition metals

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8
Q

What do groups in the periodic table have in common?

A

similar chemical properties

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9
Q

Where are metalloids or semi-metals found?

A

Next to the metal/non-metal divide

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10
Q

What is a compound?

A

A compound is a pure chemical substance made of two or more different chemical elements.

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11
Q

What are all atoms made up of?

A

a tiny central nucleus with electrons orbiting around iy

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12
Q

What do chemical equations show?

A

The reactants and the products

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13
Q

Can you draw the product of hydrogen + oxygen

A

water

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14
Q

Can you do a symbol equation for CaCO3 ->

A

CaO + CO3 - its already balanced

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15
Q

What does an equation being balanced mean?

A

There is the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the equation.

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16
Q

Why is an equation being balanced important?

A

Because atoms cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction
This also means that:
The total mass of the products in a reaction is equal to the total mass of the reactants

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17
Q

What is ‘The total mass of the products in a reaction is equal to the total mass of the reactants’ called?

A

the law of conservation of mass

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18
Q

What are state symbols

A

Symbols which show what state the substance is in

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19
Q

What is solids state symbol

A

(s)

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20
Q

What is liquids state symbol

A

(l)

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21
Q

What is gases state symbol?

A

(g)

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22
Q

What is aqueous symbol?

A

(aq)

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23
Q

Add the state symbols to CaCO3 -> CaO + C02

A

CaCO3(s) ->CaO(s) + CO2(g)

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24
Q

What is an aqueous solution?

A

substances dissolved in water

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25
Q

Can you balance the equation
H2 + 02 -> H20

A

2H2 + O2 -> 2H20

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26
Q

What are differences between a compound and mixture

A

-Mixtures has a fixed composition - Mixtures have no fixed composition
-Mixtures must be used to separate the elements in a compound - Mixtures, the different elements or compounds in a mixture can be separated again more easily
-Compounds have chemical bonds between atoms of different elements in the compound - Mixtures, there are no chemical bonds between atoms of the different substances in a mixture

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27
Q

What are the 4 physical separation techniques?

A

Filtration
Crystallisation
Distillation
Chromatography

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28
Q

What type of substances can filtration separate?

A

An insoluble solid and a soluble liquid

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29
Q

Give an example of what would filter

A

Sand and water

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30
Q

Can you draw and label a filtration aparatus

A
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31
Q

What type of separation could you obtain a sample of pure salt from a salt solution?

A

crystallisation

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32
Q

What type of substances can crystallisation separate?

A

a soluble solid and a solvent

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33
Q

Can you draw and label a crystallisation aparatus

A
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34
Q

When should heating be stopped during crystallisation?

A

When the solution is at the point of crystallisation. This is when small crystals first appear around the edge of the solution or when crystals appear in a drop of solution extracted from the dish with a glass rod

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35
Q

How can you collect pure water from sea water?

A

Distillation

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36
Q

What happens in simple distillation?

A

A solution is hated and boiled to evaporate the solvent. The vapour given off enters a condenser. This is an outer glass tube with water flowing through it acts as a cooling ‘jacket’ around the inner glass tube from the flask. here the hot vapour is cooled and condensed back into a liquid for collection in a receiving vessel

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37
Q

What happens to any solid in simple distillation?

A

They will remain in the heated flask

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38
Q

Can you draw and label a simple distillation aparatus

A
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39
Q

What type of substances can fractional distillation separate?

A

Miscible liquids

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40
Q

What does miscible mean?

A

Describes liquids that dissolve in each other, mixing completely. They don’t form separate layers as seen in mixtures of immiscible liquids that have been allowed to settle

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41
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

The miscible liquids will have different boiling points, so you can use this to distil off and collect the liquid with the lowest boiling point first.

42
Q

What helps make sure the product is pure?

A

fractionating column

43
Q

What does a fractionating column do?

A

Its a spiral meaning it takes longer to reach the top giving it a higher chance of reaching its condensing point and going back down ensuring its pure

44
Q

Can you draw and label a fractional distillation aparatus

A
45
Q

What is fractional distillation used for in real life?

A

Separate ethanol from a fermented mixture in the alcoholic spirits industry and in the use of ethanol as a biofuel.

46
Q

What technique can you use to separate and identify substances from mixtures in solution?

A

paper chromatography

47
Q

Can you explain how to set up chromatography

A

Using a ruler draw a line in pencil slightly above the solvent level. then using a toothpick dab the mixture on a spot a few times and then put it in the beaker of solvent

48
Q

How do you calculate the Rf value of a substance

A

distance traveled by the component / distance traveled by the solvent

49
Q

The less soluble components have a ……….affinity to the stationary phase

A

higher

50
Q

When were the ideas of particles and atoms linked to strong experimental evidence?

A

early 1800s

51
Q

Who first put forward there idea about atoms in 1800s?

A

John Dalton

52
Q

What was Daltons ideas about the atom?

A

-substances were made up of atoms that were like tiny, hard spheres
-atoms cannot be divided or split
-atoms re-arranged themselves and combined with other atoms in new ways

53
Q

When was the discovery of the electron and by who?

A

J. J. Thompson in the late 1800s

54
Q

What model did J. J. Thompson come up with?

A

‘Plum Pudding’ model

55
Q

Who discovered evidence for the nucleus

A

1909 by Geiger and Marsden

56
Q

What experiment led to the discovery of the nucleus

A

the alpha particle scattering experiment which included firing dense, positively charged particles at the thinnest piece of gold foil they could make. They expected the particles to pass straight through the gold atom with their diffuse cloud of positive charge.

57
Q

Rutherford designed what model?

A

Rutherford’s nuclear model of the atom which had the nucleus having protons in being circled by electrons

58
Q

Who discovered energy levels and when?

A

Niels Bohr in 1914

59
Q

What model was discovered in 1914 by Niels Bohr?

A

Bohr’s model of the atom

60
Q

When was the neutron discovered and by who?

A

James Chadwick in `932

61
Q

Neutrons have …… charge and have ……….. mass as a proton

A

no
the same

62
Q

What type of sub-atomic particles does the nucleus contain?

A

protons and neutrons

63
Q

What size are electrons compared to neutrons or protons?

A

1/2000

64
Q

What charge do protons have?

A

Positive charge

65
Q

What charge do neutrons have?

A

No charge

66
Q

What charge do electrons have?

A

Negative charge

67
Q

What charge does a nucleus have?

A

Positive charge

68
Q

The number of electrons in an atom is …… to the number of protons

A

equal

69
Q

What is the atomic number of an element based on?

A

The number of protons in an atom of an element

70
Q

What is the periodic table arranged based on?

A

the order of their atomic number (number of protons)

71
Q

What is the mass number of an element?

A

the number of protons + electrons in the nucleus of an atom

72
Q

Do atoms have a charge?

A

No

73
Q

What is an ion?

A

A charged atom

74
Q

If an atom gains one or more electrons, it gains an overall negative charge because it has more electrons than protons, this creates what type of ion?

A

a negative ion

75
Q

If it loses one or more electrons it is what type of ion?

A

a positive ion

76
Q

How many electrons do Group 1 metals gain or lose to become an ion?

A

lose 1

77
Q

How many electrons do Group 2 metals gain or lose to become an ion?

A

lose 2

78
Q

How many electrons do Group 3 elements gain or lose to become an ion?

A

lose 3

79
Q

How many electrons do Group 5 elements gain or lose to become an ion?

A

gain 3

80
Q

How many electrons do Group 6 elements gain or lose to become an ion?

A

gain 2

81
Q

How many electrons do Group 7 elements gain or lose to become an ion?

A

gain 1

82
Q

Which group is already in its ion form?

A

group 0

83
Q

How big is an atom

A

about a tenth of a billion of a metre across

84
Q

What sub-atomic particle can change if it is an isotope?

A

neutron

85
Q

atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called what?

A

isotopes

86
Q

do isotopes have the same atomic number or mass number?

A

atomic number

87
Q

what are the two isotopes of carbon?

A

carbon-12 and carbon-13

88
Q

What can extra neutrons do to the nucleus?

A

make it unstable or radioactive

89
Q

isotopes have the same or different chemical properties?

A

same

90
Q

isotopes have same or different density

A

different

91
Q

Electrons are arranged in …… around the nucleus

A

shells

92
Q

The lowest energy level is shown by the shell that is ……… to the nucleus

A

nearest

93
Q

How many electrons can the first energy level hold?

A

2

94
Q

How many electrons can the second energy level hold?

A

8

95
Q

How many electrons can the third energy level hold?

A

8

96
Q

How many electrons can the fourth energy level hold?

A
97
Q

Draw the electronic structure for an oxygen atom

A

2,6

98
Q

Draw the electronic structure for a calcium ion

A

[2,8,8]2+

99
Q

What do the chemical properties of an atom depend on?

A

how many electrons it has

100
Q

What determines the way an element reacts?

A

how many electrons the element has in its highest energy level

101
Q

What is a property of group 0 / noble gases?

A

very unreactive due to having full outer shells

Gsce Chemistry (15 decks)

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