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Bio2 Lecture > Chapter 42 (Module 3) > Flashcards

Chapter 42 (Module 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Simple organisms exchange system:

A

Happens within the Gastrovascular cavity. The body wall of the gastrovascular cavity is only 2 cells deep –> no need for circulation

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2
Q

Complex organisms exchange system:

A

Circulatory system and gas exchange system connected

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3
Q

Circulatory system components: (3)

A
  1. Muscular pump
  2. Circulatory fluid
  3. Interconnecting vessels (veins/arteries (valves))
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4
Q

Open systems… (3)

A
  • are found in some vertebrates (insects, mollusks)
  • has a dorsal/tubular heart with Ostia (pores)
  • has hemolymph, not blood
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5
Q

Closed systems… (2)

A
  • can be found in Annelids (earthworms), Cephalopods (octopi), and Vertebrates
  • blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid
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6
Q

Another name for closed circulatory system in vertebrates?

A

Cardiovascular system

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7
Q

Three types of vessels:

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Veins
  3. Capillaries
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8
Q

Arteries carry blood…

A

AWAY

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9
Q

Arteries –> _____ –> capillaries –> _____ –> Veins

A

arterioles, venules

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10
Q

Vertebrate heart chambers #?

A

2 or more

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11
Q

Blood enters through ____ and is pumped out through ____.

(Chambers)

A

atrium/atria, ventricles

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12
Q

Single Circulation (fishes): (3)

A
  • 2 chambered heart
  • blood passes through 2 capillary beds before returning
  • BP is very low after passing through gills, making it hard to get blood to the rest of the body
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13
Q

Double circulation (amphibians, reptiles, mammals): (3)

A
  • O2 poor blood gets pumped to the lungs through pulmonary circuit
  • O2 rich blood is delivered to body though systemic circuit
  • Double circulation = higher BP in organs
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14
Q

Reptiles (except crocodilians) have __ chambered hearts with a partially separated ______.

A

3, ventricle

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15
Q

Amphibians: O2 poor blood flows through a __________ ______ and pick up O2 through the ____ and ____.

A

Pulmocutaneous circuit, lungs, skin

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16
Q

Mammals and birds are _____ and require more ____ than _______.

A

Endoderms, O2, ectoderms

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17
Q

Pulmonary Circuit: (3)

A
  • purpose to gain O2 in blood and get rid of CO2 in blood
  • deoxygenated blood flows via the pulmonary arteries/arterioles to the lungs
  • oxygenated blood returns from the lungs via the pulmonary venules/veins
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18
Q

Goal of the systemic circuit?

A

To gain O2 and get rid of CO2

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19
Q

Heart chambers: (2)

A
  1. 2 atria: relatively thin walls, acts as collection chambers
  2. 2 ventricles: thicker walls, contract more forcefully
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20
Q

Heart valves: (3)

A
  • Four valves to prevent back flow
  • Atrioventricular (AV): separate each atria from their ventricle
  • Semilunar valves: control blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery
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21
Q

Heart murmurs are causes by…

A

blood flowing back through a defective valve

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22
Q

Cardiac cycle:

A

when the heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle

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23
Q

Systole:

A

contraction or pumping phase

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24
Q

Diastole:

A

Relaxation or filling phase

25
Q

Cardiac output:

A

volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute. Dependent on heart rate and stroke volume.

26
Q

Heart rate:

A

number of beats per minute

27
Q

Stroke volume:

A

amount of blood pumped in a single contraction

28
Q

Arteries:

A
  • Thick, elastic layer to handle higher BP from heart
29
Q

Capillary walls are ____ thick to allow easy ____ with nearby cells.

A

one-layer, exchange

30
Q

Veins: (2)

A
  • Do not have thick elastic layer BUT
  • they have valves
31
Q

Blood Structure: (3)

A
  • average human has 4-6 liters of blood
  • 45% of blood is cellular (RBC, WBS, and platlets)
  • 55% of blood is plasma (90% water, 10% dissolved molecules)
32
Q

Erythrocytes: (4)

A
  • Biconcave disk structure for max Surface A:V ratio for max gas exchange
  • most numerous in body
  • formed in bone marrow
  • circulate 3-4 months before being removed by liver
33
Q

Sickle Cell Disease:

A
  • Caused by abnormal hemoglobin proteins that form aggregates.
  • These can deform the RBC into a sickle shape
  • Sickle cells can rupture or block blood vessels
34
Q

Capillaries: (2)

A
  • site of all exchange between blood and body cells
  • Material is exchanged by either diffusion, secretion, or filtration
35
Q

Diffusion: (2)

A
  • across endothelial cell
  • O2, CO2, lipid soluble hormones
36
Q

Secretion:

A
  • vesicles in endothelial cells can pick up materials by endocytosis on one side of the cell
  • they move it across the cell
  • and expel materials by exocytosis on the other side
37
Q

Filtration:

A
  • clefts between adjacent endothelial cells will allow water and small particles through
  • not proteins though
38
Q

Blood-brain barrier:

A
  • in the brain, gaps are small, meaning little filtration
39
Q

Filtration depends on balance of ____ ______ and ______ ______.

A

blood pressure, osmotic pressure

40
Q

Blood pressure forced water ____ of capillaries, osmotic pressure forces water ____ capillaries.

A

out, into

41
Q

Lymphatic system: (3)

A
  • open circulatory system
  • moves lymph back to bloodstream
  • no pressure for flow, uses muscle action and valves
  • lymph goes back to ducts that enter the venous system near the heart
42
Q

When ________ fluid pressure is high due to ____ ____ from capillaries, it flows to the ________ ______.

A

interstitial, fluid lost, lymphatic system

43
Q

Lymph:

A
  • travels in ducts to nodes where macrophages engulf dead cells and bacteria
  • lymph reenters the circulatory system through the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct (fuse with veins in the shoulder)
44
Q

Respiratory media in humans: (2)

A
  • Air: breathing air is easier and provides 20x more O2 than
  • Water: requires greater efficiency
45
Q

Respiratory surfaces in animals: (4 examples)

A
  • Skin: frogs
  • Gills: shark
  • Trachea: grasshopper
  • Lungs: raccoon
46
Q

Gas exchange organs must have: (5)

A
  • high surface area:volume ratio
  • contact with circulatory system
  • cannot have scales, exoskeleton, fur, etc.
  • must be moist
  • kept well ventilated
47
Q

Gills in aquatic animals are…

A

outfoldings of the body with large surface area for gas exchange

48
Q

Ventilation in fish: (2)

A
  • moves the respiratory medium (water) over the respiratory surface (gills)
  • accomplished by movement through water or pumping water over their gills
49
Q

Fish gills use a countercurrent exchange where ____ flows in the _________ direction to _____ passing over the gills.

A

blood, opposite, water

50
Q

Fish gills uptake…

A

more than 80% of the O2 dissolved in water that passes over the gills –> very efficient

51
Q

Lungs:

A
  • an infolding of the body surface
  • size and complexity caries with an animals metabolic rate
52
Q

The nasal cavity: (4)

A
  • filters
  • warms
  • humidifies
  • and samples odors of incoming air
53
Q

Mucus and cilia:

A

line the epithelium of the respiratory tract and move particles up the pharynx

54
Q

Gas exchange: (3)

A
  • takes place in the alveoli (air sacs at the tips of bronchioles)
  • CO2 crosses the epithelium of the capillary and goes into the air alveoli
  • O2 crosses the epithelium through diffusion into the capillaries
55
Q

Diaphragm function:

A

Contracts (moves down). When it contracts, lung volume increases. Creates negative pressure and air moves in.

56
Q

Tidal Volume:

A

volume of air inhaled with each breath

57
Q

Residual volume:

A

air remains in the lungs

58
Q

COVID effects on lungs?

A
  • travels down airways and can sometimes infect all the way down to the alveoli
  • causes inflammation and swelling
  • can lead to fluid build up in lungs –> pneumonia
  • alveoli can fill with mucous, no gas exchange occurring, cannot breath –> ventilator
59
Q

COVID effects on heart?

A
  • COVID causes heart function to decrease (two possible reasons)
    1. heart becomes inflamed
    2. heart tissue becomes infected and damaged

Bio2 Lecture (13 decks)

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