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BIO 201/205 > Unit 3 terms > Flashcards

Unit 3 terms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

thermoregulation

A

maintaining body heat influx and efflux

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2
Q

conduction (gain or lose)

A

transfer of kinetic energy through physical contact

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3
Q

convection (gain or lose)

A

exchange of heat through fluid

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4
Q

radiation (gain or lose)

A

heat exchange through emission

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5
Q

evaporation

A

body loses heat by phase change of liquid

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6
Q

metabolism

A

biochemical activity that produces heat

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7
Q

physiological regulation

A

adjusting things like a) blood flow to skin or b) metabolic rate to survive in surrounding temperatures

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8
Q

environmental conformation

A

change body temperature to match the environment

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9
Q

behavioral regulation

A

regulating body temperature using the environment (reptiles sunbathing)

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10
Q

endotherm

A

produces substantial internal heat

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11
Q

ectotherm

A

doesn’t produce substantial internal heat

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12
Q

homeotherm

A

steady body temperature

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13
Q

heterotherm

A

variable body temperature

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14
Q

torpor/hibernation

A

animals let their body temperatures drop to be closer to the environmental temperatures

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15
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

blood that travels to the surface of the body transfers heat to the blood leaving the surface to maintain internal temperatures

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16
Q

osmoregulation

A

regulation of overall osmolarity and water in the ECF; disposing of nitrogenous waste

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17
Q

excretion

A

removal of unwanted substances from ECF

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18
Q

secretion

A

removal from ECF

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19
Q

absorption

A

moving into ECF

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20
Q

reabsorption

A

moving into ECF what was previously there

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21
Q

filtration

A

movement through a biological sieve

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22
Q

nitrogenous waste (+ 3 types)

A

end products of protein metabolism
1. ammonia
2. urea
3. uric acid

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23
Q

ammonia

A

most energy efficient, very toxic – best in aquatic environments

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24
Q

urea

A

medium energy efficiency and toxicity - terrestrial environments

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25
Q

uric acid

A

most energy needed, least toxic – birds; reptiles

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26
Q

marine shark osmoregulation

A

*sharks are osmoconformers (match the seawater) but have lower levels of Na+
*gain water through FOOD and their METABOLISM and lose it through URINE
*gain ions through GILLS (and food) and lose it through RECTAL GLAND

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27
Q

freshwater fish

A

*in hyposmotic environments
*gain water through GILLS (and food, metabolism) and lose it through weakly concentrated URINE
*gain ions through ACTIVE TRANSPORT and dispose of them through DIFFUSION

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28
Q

marine fish

A

*in hyperosmotic environments
*gain water through DRINKING and lose it through DIFFUSION
*gain ions through DIFFUSION and lose them through ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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29
Q

desert tortoise

A

*gain water through eating/drinking and lose it by evaporation and urine
*gain ions through food and lose in urine

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30
Q

humans

A

*keratin in skin helps prevent water loss
*kidneys help produce highly concentrated urine

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31
Q

what is unique about mammals and birds

A

they can make urine that is more concentrated than their body fluid

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32
Q

renal corpuscle

A

initial creation of fluid/urine

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33
Q

proximal tubule

A

helps us reabsorb nutrients we need

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34
Q

Loop of Henle

A

reabsorb water on the way down, reabsorb ions on the way up

35
Q

distal tubule

A

water gets pulled out of solution

36
Q

collecting duct

A

controls final concentration of urine

37
Q

medullary thickness

A

the thicker the medulla the more concentration the urine can hold

38
Q

chitin in insects

A

makes insects very impermeable to water loss

39
Q

malpighian tubules

A

active transport ions and water in to move into the gut to be excreted

40
Q

bulk flow

A

movement of air and water driven by pressure differences

41
Q

ventilation

A

bringing fresh air/water into contact with the respiratory system

42
Q

gas exchange

A

diffusion of gas between the environment and ECF across the respiratory surface

43
Q

partial pressure

A

the fraction of a gas relative to the total mixed gas

44
Q

simple gills

A

flattened extensions of aquatic animals that increase SA

45
Q

complex gills

A

large SA; use active one-way ventilation to bring oxygen from water in

46
Q

countercurrent exchange in gills

A

blood flows opposite of water so oxygen can diffuse into the less oxygenated blood as they pass

47
Q

tracheal systems

A

tubes that carry air throughout insects so oxygen can diffuse into their bodies

48
Q

positive pressure ventilation

A

push a mouthful of air into lungs

49
Q

negative pressure ventilation

A

expand lungs to force air to be drawn in

50
Q

tidal system

A

bring air in and reverse to push it back out

51
Q

structure/route of mammalian lungs

A

*lungs contain several alveoli in a capillary net that help with gas exchange
trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli

52
Q

elasticity in mammalian lungs

A

diaphragm expands and increases the volume around the lungs which results in increased pressure - air gets drawn in to the lungs

53
Q

what is different about avian ventilation?

A

birds have lungs that exchange gas without expanding - PARABRONCHI

54
Q

what is the respiration process in birds?

A

air enters the mouth and moves to the posterior airsac; moves through lungs to anterior airsac; exits mouth

55
Q

what are the parts of a circulatory system?

A

blood vessels, heart, blood

56
Q

what does circulating blood do besides distribute oxygen?

A

move nutrients, distribute hormones, distribute heat, create hydrostatic pressure

57
Q

open system

A

vessels are emptied and blood later re-enters the vessel system

58
Q

closed system

A

blood remains in the vessels the entire time

59
Q

key difference between open and closed systems?

A

open: slower-moving animals
closed: mobile, active animals
*insects with tracheal systems are an exception

60
Q

peristaltic heart

A

low pressure contracting to move blood

61
Q

chambered heart

A

one-way valves that generate high pressure

62
Q

capillaries

A

thinnest blood vessel; slow flow, best for diffusion

63
Q

arteries

A

thick walls, high speed and pressure

64
Q

arterioles

A

smaller version of arteries

65
Q

venules

A

thinner walled

66
Q

veins

A

bigger version of venules; high speed but low pressure

67
Q

how does pressure change across the blood vessels?

A

blood pressure decreases from Arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins

68
Q

how is blood flow affected?

A

through the diameter of arterioles

69
Q

fish circulatory system

A

1 circuit; 2 chambers

70
Q

amphibian circulatory system

A

2 circuits; 3 chambers

71
Q

mammalian and bird circulatory systems

A

2 circuits; 4 chambers

72
Q

systemic circuite

A

LEFT atrium and ventricle move oxygen out to the body

73
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

RIGHT atrium and ventricle move oxygen to the heart from the lungs

74
Q

atrioventricular valves (AV)

A

allow blood to move from atria to ventricles

75
Q

semilunar valves (SL)

A

allow blood to move from ventricles to arteries

76
Q

systole

A

contracted state

77
Q

diastole

A

relaxed state

78
Q

how can oxygen delivery be increased

A

increased blood movement and greater oxygen extraction rate

79
Q

hemoglobin

A

iron-based

80
Q

hemocyanin

A

copper-based

81
Q

CO2 in the blood

A

CO2 converts into bicarbonate; ECF becomes more acidic - negative feedback response

82
Q

membrane potential

A

charge/voltage that exists across the membrane

83
Q

endocrine system

A

secretes hormones

84
Q

hormone

A

chemical messenger in the blood

BIO 201/205 (7 decks)

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