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BIO 201/205 > Unit 2 terms > Flashcards

Unit 2 terms Flashcards

1
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

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2
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion applicable to particles of water

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3
Q

osmolarity

A

the combined concentration of all solutes in a solution

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4
Q

which particles diffuse easily

A

small, uncharged particles

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5
Q

which particles don’t diffuse easily

A

large, uncharged particles
charged particles (ions)

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6
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

combination of concentration and electric potential

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7
Q

electrochemical equilibrium

A

when charge and concentration are equal

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8
Q

isosmotic

A

osmolarities are equal

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9
Q

hyperosmotic

A

more concentrated

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10
Q

hyposmotic

A

less concentrated

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11
Q

water potential

A

tendency of water to move

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12
Q

hydrostatic pressure (pressure potential)

A

the “pushing” force on water due to more fluid occupying one region than another (pushes water out)
positive

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13
Q

osmotic pressure (solute potential)

A

the “pulling” force on water due to solutes present in the solution (pulls water in)
negative

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14
Q

water cohesion/adhesion (matrix potential)

A

tendency of water molecules to stick to each other and their environment (pulls water in)

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15
Q

simple diffusion

A

the movement of molecules through cell membranes without help from channels or pumps

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16
Q

cell membranes

A

phospholipid bilayer where the heads are hydrophilic/lipophobic and the tails are hydrophobic/lipophilic

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17
Q

simple diffusion

A

when particles can pass through the cell membrane easily

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18
Q

channel protein (permeation)

A

pore for particles to pass through the membrane
usually specialized for a certain particle

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19
Q

carrier protein (facilitated diffusion)

A

protein that “grabs” particles and undergoes a confirmation change that pulls the particle across the cell membrane

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20
Q

concentration gradient

A

a region of space over which the concentration of a substance changes

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21
Q

primary active transport

A

uses a cell’s energy (ATP) directly to move molecules across the cell membrane - against the gradient

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22
Q

secondary active transport (cotransport)

A

uses an electrochemical gradient – generated by active transport – as an energy source to move molecules against their gradient
does not directly require a chemical source of energy such as ATP

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23
Q

symporter

A

the protein during secondary active transport that moves molecules in the same direction

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24
Q

antiporter

A

the protein during secondary active transport that moves molecules in opposite directions

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25
Q

body size effects

A

surface area increases at a slower rate than volume; SA:V ratio decreases as size increases
* SA ɑ L^2
* V ɑ L^3
increased distance b/n surface and center

both reduce diffusion rate

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26
Q

Claude Bernard’s (French) contributions to physiology

A

cells are exposed to an internal environment that must be regulated

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27
Q

negative feedback loop

A

counteracts various properties to regulate homeostasis

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28
Q

signal

A

a deviation from the set point
*positive: above - yields negative response

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29
Q

cell wall

A

composed of cellulose, pectin, and lignin
*primary cell wall: more flexible due to pectin
*secondary cell wall: more rigid due to lignin

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30
Q

plasmodesmata

A

openings between adjacent plant cells

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31
Q

what parts of plant cells are unique to plants?

A

cell wall, central vacuoles, chloroplasts

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32
Q

root system

A

stores most of a plant’s energy underground
*goal is to maximize water intake - roots have large SA
*roots are thin and long and absorb with root hairs

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33
Q

root cap

A

layer of dead cells that allow roots to move through soil

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34
Q

shoot structure

A

supports leaves and flowers; transports materials

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35
Q

node

A

*root: the split between two parts of a stem

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36
Q

bud

A

*root: a place of new growth

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37
Q

modifications of shoots

A

asexual growth - wild strawberries
food - tubers
protection - thorns

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38
Q

leaf system

A

sunlight harvester

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39
Q

modifications of leaves

A

food - onions
water storage - succulents
tendrils
floral mimics
spines
traps - venus fly trap

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40
Q

2 type of plant development

A

growth and differentiation

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41
Q

meristems

A

location of plant growth (all plant growth occurs at meristems)

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42
Q

totipotent cells

A

produced by meristems; can differentiate into any type of cell

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43
Q

apical meristems (primary growth)

A

make plants longer at shoots or roots

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44
Q

lateral meristems (secondary growth)

A

make plants wider (internally or externally)

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45
Q

after cells form they _____

A

expand

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46
Q

cells expand by

A

loosening cell walls
creating turgor pressure

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47
Q

how do plant cells create turgor pressure?

A
  1. move solute into cell vacuoles
  2. water enters the cell via osmosis
48
Q

indeterminate growth

A

plants can continually grow new tissue

49
Q

what are the three types of tissue?

A

meristems will turn into one of these three:
1. dermal: outer edge of plant
2. vascular: transport fluids
3. ground: everything else

50
Q

dermal tissue

A

*outer layer of epidermal cells that help protect the plant
cuticle: lubricant to prevent water loss
stomata: pores that allow gas exchange in dermal tissue
trichomes: hair-like extensions that help protect the plant

51
Q

ground tissue

A

three subtypes:
1. parenchyma
2. collenchyma
3. sclerenchyma

52
Q

parenchyma

A

some are photosynthetic or provide storage
*still totipotent

53
Q

collenchyma

A

provide structural support to shoots

54
Q

sclerenchyma

A

much stiffer: contain lignin (wood) and provide seeds with their hard outer layer

55
Q

vascular tissue

A

main function is transportation
*xylem and phloem (both mixes of cell types)

56
Q

xylem

A

transport water and nutrients up from roots to leaves
*dead at maturity

57
Q

phloem

A

transport sugars, etc. down from leaves to roots
*alive at maturity

58
Q

two types of xylem

A
  1. tracheids: found in all vascular plants
  2. vessel elements: only found in angiosperms
59
Q

tracheids

A

overlap, water passes from cell to cell at places of overlap
*thin primary cell wall

60
Q

vessel elements

A

more stacked structure
*only a secondary cell wall

61
Q

two types of phloem

A
  1. sieve tube elements (STE)
  2. companion cells
62
Q

sieve tube elements (STE)

A

transport sugars similarly to vessel elements in xylem
*lack most organelles

63
Q

companion cells

A

support system for STEs

64
Q

secondary growth

A

lateral meristems help produce wood and increase width of a plant

65
Q

two types of secondary growth cells

A
  1. vascular cambium
  2. cork cambium
66
Q

vascular cambium

A

produce secondary xylem (inner) and phloem (outer)

67
Q

cork cambium

A

outside of phloem; provides protection in place of epidermal cells

68
Q

annual growth rings

A

early in the year: larger cells
later in the year: smaller cells

69
Q

surface tension

A

water molecules cohere to each other at the surface

70
Q

three factors of water potential

A

cohesion
adhesion
surface tension

71
Q

cohesion-tension system

A

evaporation of water in small air spaces within leaves creates very low water potential
*water is pulled up to the leaves by xylem

72
Q

transpiration

A

evaporation within leaves of a plant

73
Q

translocation

A

movement of sugars from leaves (sources) to roots (sinks) by phloem

74
Q

phloem loading

A

sugars move into phloem
*water potential gets really high

75
Q

phloem unloading

A

sugars move out of phloem
*water potential lowers

76
Q

3 categories of plant response

A

phototropism
gravitropism
thigmotropism

77
Q

tropism

A

directional growth in response to stimuli
*positive: towards
*negative: away from

78
Q

morphogenesis

A

non-directional growth response to stimuli

79
Q

phototropism

A

growth response to light - positive

80
Q

thigmotropism

A

growth response to touch - positive

81
Q

gravitropism

A

growth response to gravity:
*positive in roots
*negative in shoots

82
Q

thigmomorphogenesis

A

change in shape due to instability - plants won’t grow as tall if they sense it will make them unstable

83
Q

nastic movements

A

movement in response to stimuli (NOT GROWTH)
ex. folding of leaves, venus fly traps

84
Q

thigmonastic movement

A

movement in response to touch

85
Q

nycinasty

A

movements based on time of day
ex. flowers/leaves opening or closing

86
Q

3 steps in responding to stimuli

A
  1. perception
  2. transduction
  3. response
87
Q

perception

A

stimuli can be light, touch, gravity

88
Q

transduction

A

receptor cells convert info on the stimulus into a message (usually a hormone)

89
Q

response

A

responder cells receive the message from receptor cells and the plant changes in some way

90
Q

coleoptile

A

outermost region in a shoot that helps protect tissue as it pushes through the soil

91
Q

auxin

A

the chemical messenger for growth

92
Q

auxin experiment conclusions

A
  1. the tip of a coleoptile is where light is sensed
  2. the messenger (auxin) is a hydrophilic chemical
  3. auxin promotes growth where it can reach in the shoot tissue
  4. auxin is manufactured equally on both sides and transported to the side with less light
93
Q

stolon

A

above ground stem for modified reproduction

94
Q

rhizome

A

underground stem for modified reproduction

95
Q

systemin

A

a hormone that plants release
*makes animals sick

96
Q

how does blue light interact with plants?

A

protons are pumped out by protein carrier, ions move into the cells, water follows
*stomata opens due to turgor pressure

97
Q

how do plants react to dry states?

A

when roots are dry they release ABA
*ABA stops the protein pumps in stomata
*ions exit, water exits too, stomata close

98
Q

what are the male parts of a flower?

A

stamen:
1. anthers: produce pollen
2. filaments: hold up anthers

99
Q

what are the female parts of a flower?

A

carpels:
1. stigma: receives pollen
2. holds up stigma
3. ovaries

100
Q

what are the male gametophytes?

A

pollen (mulitcellular)

101
Q

what are the female gametophytes?

A

egg + central cell

102
Q

which plant groups are gametophyte-dominant?

A

mosses (nonvascular)

103
Q

which plant groups are sporophyte-dominant?

A

angiosperms and gymnosperms

104
Q

soil

A

usually composed of organic clay with a negative charge
*positive ions stick to it

105
Q

holoparasites

A

completely dependent on the host plant (nonphotosynthetic)

106
Q

hemiparasites

A

not completely dependent on host plant (semi photosynthetic)

107
Q

epiphytes

A

grow on other plants but are not parasitic

108
Q
  1. primitive groups
A

*lack coelom
1. porifera (sponges): least derived
2. cnidaria (jellyfish): stingers; many tissue types

109
Q
  1. protostomes (triploblastic; bilateral; cephalization)
A
  1. lophotrochozoa (NO MOLTING)
  2. ecdysozoa (MOLTING)
110
Q

lophotrochozoa

A
  1. platyhelminthes (flatworms): limited organs
  2. anneliola: two gut openings
  3. mollusca: radula
    - bivalvia, gastropoda, cephalopoda
111
Q

ecdysozoa

A
  1. nematoda: mostly parasitic
  2. arthropoda: EXOSKELETON OF CHITIN
  3. chelicerata (spiders, ticks): mostly venomous
  4. crustacea (lobsters): mostly aquatic
  5. insecta: 3 BODY SECTIONS
112
Q
  1. deuterostomes (all triploblastic; almost all coelomate)
A
  1. echinodermata (sea stars, urchins): tube feet; radial symmetry
  2. chordata (tunicates): mostly aquatic
113
Q

vertebrata

A

skull and vertebral column

114
Q

chondrichthyes (sharks)

A

cartilaginous skeleton

115
Q

actinopterygii

A

highly diverse

116
Q

tetraphoda

A

4 limbs; terrestrial
1. amphibia: water to reproduce
2. amniota: eggs can be on land

117
Q

reptilia and aves

A

*closely related amniota

BIO 201/205 (7 decks)

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