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PT9111 - TEST 3 > Lecture 41 - Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Lecture 41 - Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Organization of the cranial nerves

A

forebrain: olfactory and optic
midbrain: oculomotor, trochlear
Pons: trigeminal
pontomedullary junction: abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal
medulla: vagus, accessory, hypogossal

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2
Q

Which cranial nerve is the only one to exit dorsally in the brain instead of ventrally

A

Trochlear nerve

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3
Q

Mnemonics to memorize cranial nerves and if sensory, motor, or both

A

old Oliver ogg traveled to africa for very good vacation and holiday
Some Say Money Matters, But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More

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4
Q

Olfactory tract sits in the

A

olfactory sulcus of the frontal lobe

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5
Q

What is the function of the olfactory tract

A

Olfaction/Smell

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6
Q

Is olfactory nerve sensory or motor

A

Special sensory

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7
Q

What is the pathway of the olfactory nerve

A
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8
Q

T or F: The olfactory nerve is the only nerve where sensory information is not first relayed through the thalamus

A

T

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9
Q

What 4 structures does the primary olfactory cortex project to

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Piriform Cortex
  4. Secondary olfactory cortex
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10
Q

Anosmia

A

Lose sense of smell (injury, lesion, tumor)

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11
Q

What are the 4 cranial nerves associated with the visual system and what do they control

A

Vision transmitted by: Cranial Nerve II (optic nerve)

Eye movements are controlled by:
- Oculomotor (CNIII)
-Trochlear (CNIV)
-Abducens (CNVI)

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12
Q

Is the optic nerve sensory or motor

A

Special sensory

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13
Q

T or F: The optic nerve is susceptible to diseases at numeral locations and the visual defect is associated with site of injury

A

T

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14
Q

T or F: the optic nerve is capable of regeneration following a lesion

A

false, it is part of the CNS so it cannot regenerate

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15
Q

What are the 6 extrinsic ocular muscles that control movement

A

-Four recti
-2 oblique

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16
Q

Eyelid control is regulated by which muscle

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

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17
Q

visual fields are controlled

A

Contralaterally, so some crossover at optic chiasm, some do not (right visual field coming in the left eye stays on left side)

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18
Q

The pathway of the oculomotor nerve

A

midbrain -> superior colliculus -> superior orbital fissure -> divides to inferior and superior branches

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19
Q

All cranial nerves that control eye movements pass through

A

the superior orbital fissure (III, IV, VI)

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20
Q

What 5 muscles does the oculomotor nerve control through motor control and their function

A
  1. Levator Palpebrae Superioris: Raise eyelids

4/6 muscles that move the eye:
2. Superior rectus: elevates eyeball
3. Inferior rectus: Depresses eyeball
4. Medial rectus: Adducts eyeball
5. Inferior oblique: Elevates, abducts, and laterally rotates eyeball

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21
Q

What are the muscle functions of the 6 eye muscles (primary, secondary, and tertiary)

A

obliques abducted when they work together,
superior & inferior rectus adduct when they work together

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22
Q

What 2 muscles does the oculomotor nerve control parasympathetically and their function

A
  1. Sphincter pupillae: Constricts pupil and is responsible for pupillary light reflex
  2. Ciliary Muscles: Contracts (affect lens shape) and focusses lens on short-range objects
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23
Q

What 3 structures are affected by oculomotor nerve palsy and describe what occurs

A
  1. Eyelid (Ptosis): dysfunction of levator palpebrae
  2. Pupil (Mydriasis): Parasympathetic loss of ciliary function
  3. Eyeball Position: Down and out, and unopposed action of lateral rectus and superior oblique
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24
Q

Is the trochlear nerve motor or sensory

A

Motor

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25
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve emerge from

A

At level of midbrain (decussates here) and emerges from dorsal surface

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26
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve exit

A

Superior orbital fissure

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27
Q

What does the trochlear nerve innervate and its functions

A

Contralateral superior oblique muscle: Intorsion, depression and abduction of the eye

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28
Q

What 3 characteristics define trochlear nerve palsy

A

1 Eye position moves up and out
2. Head position compensates causing to tilt head away from affected side
3. Vertical diplopia
Can affect reading, doing stairs, balance = risk of falls

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29
Q

Is the abducens nerve motor or sensory

A

Motor

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30
Q

Where does the abducens nerve originate, exit and innervate

A

Originates: Pons (near pontomedullary junction

Exits: Superior orbital fissure

Innervates: Lateral rectus muscle

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31
Q

How can abducens nerve palsy occur

A

When any structure causes pressure on brainstem (space occupying lesion)

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32
Q

What are 2 effects caused by abducens nerve palsy

A
  1. Eye resting in adduction
  2. Diplopia (double vision)
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33
Q

What is the largest cranial nerve

A

Trigeminal nerve

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34
Q

Is the trigeminal nerve motor or sensory

A

Both

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35
Q

What 3 functions is the trigeminal nerve responsible for (are they motor or sensory)

A
  1. Biting and chewing (motor)
  2. Dampen tympanic membrane (motor)
  3. Sensation in face (Sensory)
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36
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve exit

A

Ventral surface of the pons

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37
Q

What does the trigeminal nerve control through motor movement

A
  1. Muscles associated with mastication = chewing (temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoid, mylohyoid, and belly of digastric -> Dont memorize muscles)
  2. Dampens tympanic membrane via tensor tympani for protective function
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38
Q

What are the 3 sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve

A
  1. Ophthalmic
  2. Maxillary
  3. Mandibular
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39
Q

What are 4 sensory functions the trigeminal nerve is responsible for

A
  1. Discriminative touch
  2. Proprioception
  3. nociception
  4. Temperature
    ** all of the face
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40
Q

What is a disorder associated with damage to trigeminal nerve and what does it cause

A

Facial Hemianesthesia: Loss of sensation of face on one side (contralateral)

41
Q

Where does the facial nerve emerge from

A

The pons (pontomedullary junction)

42
Q

What 2 portions make up the facial nerve

A

Intracranial portion and extracranial portion

43
Q

Is the facial nerve responsible for motor or sensory

A

Motor, sensory, special sensory, and parasympathetic

44
Q

Where does the facial nerve exit

A
  1. Internal acoustic meatus
  2. Stylomastoid foramen
45
Q

Stapedius of facial nerve function

A

dampens sound so if damaged = hypersensitivity to sound

46
Q

Is the stapedius motor or sensory and is it intracranial or extracranial

A

Intracranial and motor

47
Q

Hyperacusis

A

Hypersensitivity to sound

48
Q

Chorda Tympani of facial nerve is

A

Responsible for taste

49
Q

What are the 2 major landmarks of the facial nerve

A
50
Q

What are the 4 muscles that make up the extracranial portion of the facial nerve

A
  1. Posterior auricular nerve
  2. Digastric muscle
  3. Stylohyoid muscle
  4. Motor root of facial nerve
51
Q

The function of the posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid and is it motor or sensory

A

Motor -> swallowing

52
Q

Facial nerve is responsible for (4)

A

1) Facial expressions through facial muscles
2) ear dampening
3) swallowing
4) anterior 2/3 taste

53
Q

What are the 5 branches of the facial muscles and function (don’t need to know -Mackeely confirm)

A
  1. Temporal: Rase eye brows
  2. Zygomatic: Close eye
  3. Buccal: smiling and whistling
  4. Mandibular: Pout
  5. Cervical: frowning
54
Q

The upper facial muscles are controlled

A

Bilaterally

55
Q

The lower facial muscles are controllled

A

Contralaterally

56
Q

Damage to UMN of facial nerve results in

A

Contralateral weakness to lower facial muscles

57
Q

Damage to LMN of facial nerve results in

A

Bell’s Palsy

58
Q

What structure of the facial nerve is responsible for sensory and special sensory

A

Anterior 2/3 of tongue

59
Q

What structure of the facial nerve is responsible for parasympathetic

A

Glands of the neck

60
Q

Is the vestibulocochlear nerve sensory or motor

A

Sensory

61
Q

What is the vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve responsible for

A
  1. Balance
  2. Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
62
Q

What is the cochlear portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve responsible for

A

Hearing

63
Q

Where does the vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve arise from

A

Vestibular nuclei (pons/medulla)

64
Q

Where does the cochlear portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve arise from

A

Ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei (inferior cerebellar nuclei)

65
Q

What can damage the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Whiplash from MVA

66
Q

The glossopharyngeal nerve originates in the

A

Medulla

67
Q

The glossopharyngeal nerve exits the

A

cranium via jugular foramen

68
Q

The glossopharyngeal nerve is responsible for sensory or motor

A

Sensory, Motor, special sensory, and parasympathetic

69
Q

What is the motor muscle that the glossopharyngeal nerve controls

A

Stylopharyngeus muscle

70
Q

What occurs if the glossopharyngeal nerve is damaged (in terms of the stylopharyngeus muscle)

A

Dysphagia (swallowing difficulties)

71
Q

What sensory structures does the glossopharyngeal nerve control

A
  1. Middle ear and eustachian tube
  2. Tonsil and pharynx
  3. Carotid body and sinus
72
Q

What special sensory structures does the glossopharyngeal nerve control

A

Taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue

73
Q

What special sensory structures does the glossopharyngeal nerve control

A

Parotid Salivary Gland

74
Q

What nerve is responsible for the gag reflex

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (sensory info)

75
Q

What nerve control the gag reflex

A

Cranial Nerve 9 (glossopharyngeal) does sensory info and Cranial Nerve 10 does motor (Vagus)

76
Q

The vagus nerve originates in the

A

Medulla

77
Q

The longest cranial nerve is the

A

Vagus nerve

78
Q

The vagus nerve exits the

A

Jugular foramen

79
Q

Is the vagus nerve responsible for motor or sensory

A

Motor, Sensory, Special sensory, parasympathetic

80
Q

What are the motor structures innervated by vagus nerve

A
  1. Pharynx
  2. Soft palate
  3. Larynx
81
Q

What are the sensory structures innervated by vagus nerve

A
  1. External acoustic meatus
  2. Larynx and laryngopharynx
  3. Heart
  4. Abdominal Viscera
82
Q

What are the special sensory structures innervated by vagus nerve

A

Taste sensation to epiglottis and root of tongue

83
Q

What are the parasympathetic structures innervated by vagus nerve

A
  1. Trachea, Bronchi
  2. GI Tract
  3. Regulates heart rhythm
84
Q

What are 6 affects of damage to vagus nerve

A
  1. Gag reflex
  2. Dysphonia and aphonia
  3. Dysphagia
  4. Deviation of uvula (damage to vagus nerve on right = deviate to left)
  5. Loss of vagal tone of heart
  6. Unusal heart rate
85
Q

What occurs if there is overstimulation of the vagus nerve

A

Vasovagal Syncope (fainting because blood vessels dilate too much or heart beat slows so not enough blood is going to brain)

86
Q

Is the accessory nerve sensory or motor

A

Motor

87
Q

The accessory nerve innervates

A

The trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles

88
Q

What are the 2 components of the accessory nerve

A
  1. Spinal Component
  2. Cranial Component
89
Q

Where does the spinal component of the accessory nerve arise from and its pathway

A

Arise: C1-C6 nerve roots

Pathway: Foramen magnum -> Jugular Foramen -> Muscles

90
Q

Where does the cranial component of the accessory nerve arise from and its pathway

A

Arise: Medulla

Pathway: Exits via jugular foramen -> contacts spinal component -> Combines with vagus nerve

91
Q

SCM (Sternocleidomastoid) Function

A

Lateral flexion, rotation unilaterally, and extension of neck bilaterally

92
Q

What is torticollis

A

Damage to accessory nerve resulting in loss of function of SCM

93
Q

Trapezius function

A

Upper - elevate scapula and rotate
Middle: Retract scapula
Lower: Pull scapula inferiorly

94
Q

Iatrogenic Nerve palsy

A

Accessory nerve damage resulting in loss of function of trapezius and atrophy

95
Q

Is the hypoglossal nerve motor or sensory

A

Motor

96
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve originate from

A

Medulla

97
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve innervate

A

Extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue

98
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve pass

A

Inferiorly to angle of mandible

99
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy

A

Loss of movement in tongue

PT9111 - TEST 3 (16 decks)

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