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Cellular Biology > Exam Three > Flashcards

Exam Three Flashcards

1
Q

3 steps to cell signaling

A
  1. reception
  2. transduction
  3. response
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2
Q

Fast type of cell signaling would be

A

muscle contraction

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3
Q

slow type of cell signaling would be

A

cell divison

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4
Q

signal relay

A

carries info from one sit to another

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5
Q

signal amplification

A

one ligand can create many activated signaling molecules

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6
Q

________ binds the receptor

A

ligand

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7
Q

receptors are located on

A
  • plasma membrane
  • intracellular location
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8
Q

What type of cells will respond to signals

A

only cells that have receptors

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9
Q

Endocrine signaling

A
  • usually long distances
  • via bloodsteam
  • “public broadcast”
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10
Q

Neuronal Signaling

A
  • usually long distances
  • more targeted release of signaling molecules
  • less public (telephone)
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11
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A
  • signaling to nearby cells
  • signaling molecule released into extracellular fluid
  • “local conversation”
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12
Q

Autocrine Signaling

A
  • A cell activates its own signaling
  • “talking to yourself”
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13
Q

Contact dependent signaling

A
  • signaling molecule on membrane of one cell
  • requires physical contact
  • “hankshake”
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14
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

a. On the cristae
b. In the endoplasmic reticulum
c. In the cytosol
d. In the mitochondrial matrix
e. In the intermembrane space

A

the cytosol

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15
Q

How many total molecules of ATP are synthesized from ADP via glycolysis of a single molecule of glucose?

a. 36
b. 2
c. 4
d. 38

A

c) 4

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16
Q

How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced from a single glucose molecule during the steps of glycolysis?

a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 4
e. 6

A

a) 0

17
Q

What is one of the main functions of fermentation of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen?

a. To generate additional ATP
b. To generate additional ADP
c. To replenish NADH
d. To replenish NAD+
e. None of the above

A

d) to replenish NAD+

18
Q

Focusing on JUST the Krebs/TCA/Citric acid/ tricarboxylic acid cycle, electrons are extracted from metabolites and
used to do what?

a. Reduction of ATP and GTP
b. Reduction of NAD+ and FAD
c. Oxidation of NAD+ and FAD
d. Oxidation of ATP and GTP

A

b) reduction of NAD+ and FAD

19
Q

Starting with a single pyruvate molecule, how molecules of CO2 are produced as waste during the pre-step reactions
prior to the Krebs cycle?

a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
e. 4

A

b) 1

20
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

a. On the cristae
b. In the endoplasmic reticulum
c. In the cytosol
d. In the mitochondrial matrix
e. In the intermembrane space

A

d) in the mitochondrial matrix

21
Q

What molecule shuttles electrons between complex III and Complex IV?

a. Oxygen
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Cytochrome C
d. FMN
e. Ubiquinone

A

c) cytochrome C

22
Q

Imagine you discover a mitochondrion that contains a different version of complex I of the electron chain. This new
complex I can still transport electrons but is unable to transport protons across the inner membrane. All other
components of the electron transport chain function as usual. Which of these following statements is most likely to be
true regarding transfer of electrons from NADH to the electron
a. Transfer of electrons from NADH would be unlikely to generate any ATP
b. Transfer of electrons from NADH would generate more ATP than from FADH2
c. Transfer of electrons from NADH would generate less ATP than from FADH2
d. Transfer of electrons from NADH would generate the same amount ATP as from FADH2

A

d. Transfer of electrons from NADH would generate the same amount ATP as from FADH2

23
Q

Following the fate of a single glucose molecule, how many NADH molecules are created during glycolysis, the TCA
presteps, AND the TCA cycle?

A

4 total

24
Q

how many NADH are made during glycolysis

A

2

25
Q

how manyNADHin step phases

A

2

26
Q

how many

A
27
Q

In ATP synthase, what conformation of the beta subunit of F1 corresponds the step when ATP is actually being
synthesized?

a. Tight (T)
b. Loose (L)
c. Open (O)
d. Clamped (C)
e. None of the above

A

a) tight

28
Q

The establishment of what in the mitochondria DIRECTLY powers ATP synthase and results in formation of ATP?

a. NADH
b. FADH2
c. Proton gradient
d. ATP
e. NADPH

A

c) proton gradient

29
Q

What is DIRECTLY responsible for forcing the beta subunits of the F1 domain of ATP synthase into loose, tight, and open configurations. In other words, what directly interacts with the beta subunits and causes it to change conformations?

a. Rotation of the gamma subunit
b. Rotation of the c subunits
c. Proton movement
d. Delta binding to the F1 domain
e. None of the above

A

a. Rotation of the gamma subunit

30
Q

The photolysis reactions take place?

a. In the stroma of a chloroplast
b. On the luminal side of the thylakoid membrane
c. On the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane
d. In the cytosol
e. On the inner membrane

A

c. On the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane

31
Q

The thylakoid membrane becomes damaged, causing the inside of the thylakoid to mix with the stroma. Which of the following processes is likely to be most affected by this damage?

a. The reduction of NADP+ to NADPH
b. Sunlight absorption by the chloroplasts
c. The movement of electrons from photosystem II (PSII) to photosystem I (PSI)
d. ATP synthesis

A

d. ATP synthesis

32
Q

What is the molecule that leaves the Calvin cycle and is used to synthesize carbohydrates?
a. Biphosphoglycerate (BPG)
b. Ribulose 1,5 Bisphosphate (RuBP)
c. Phosphoglycerate (PGA)
d. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP)
e. Carbon dioxide (CO2)

A

d. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP)

33
Q

In the example of epinephrine signaling, cyclic AMP is referred to as the:

a. Primary message
b. Hormone
c. Second message
d. Cellular response
e. Third message

A

c) second messenger

34
Q

A cell secretes growth factors that have low diffusion rate and acts upon cells in the
immediate area.This is an example of _______________ signaling.
a. Autocrine
b. Paracrine
c. Exocrine
d. Endocrine
e. Intercrine

A

b) paracrine

35
Q

Activation of Protein Kinase B (PKB) during insulin signaling is likely to DIRECTLY cause what
(what is the next stepin the process)?

a. Increased glucose transport across the plasma membrane
b. Transautophosphorlation
c. Increase translation of glucose transpoters
d. Fusion of vesicles to plasma membrane
e. Endocytosis of insulin

A

d. Fusion of vesicles to plasma membrane

36
Q

What are the products of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate
4 ATP
2 NADH

37
Q

What are the products of the citric acid cycle

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP and 1 ATP

38
Q
A

Cellular Biology (4 decks)

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