Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y3 S1 > ERMS Exam 2 > Flashcards

ERMS Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Variability

A

how much the scores in a distribution are spread out or clustered together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Variance

A

measure of variability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Standard deviation

A

a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sampling error

A

differences between what is present in a population and what is present in a sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Standard error

A

indicates how different the population mean is likely to be from a sample mean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Alpha level

A

the level of significance.
the probability of obtaining your results due to chance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

P-value

A

the probability under the assumption of no effect, of obtaining a result equal to or more extreme than what was actually observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Critical regions

A

sample values that are very unlikely to be obtained if the null hypothesis is true.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Z-score

A

standardized scores that make different distributions comparable. Z-scores take a mean and provide a probability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Central limit theorem

A

tells us if the population you drew the sample from is a normal shape or the number of scores in your sample(n) is relatively large.
The mean of sampling distribution: expected value of m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what parts of study is ethics involved with?

A

Measurement
Participant selection
Strategies & design
Procedure
Analysis
Reporting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does APA stand for?

A

American Psychological Association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

generally define psychcology ethics

A

honest & respectful to people affected by their research,
- care & maintenance of non-human subjects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the basic principles of research ethics

A

protecting participants from psychological or physical harm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Assent

A

agreement of someone not able to give legal consent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Consent

A

given by those who have reached the legal age of consent (usually 18 in the US)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Beneficence

A

Benefits and risks should be balanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Justice

A

Everyone should be able to access and benefit from the contributions of psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Deception

A

hiding the true nature of the study, because revealing it will result in participants altering their behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Little albert ethical issues

A

hiding the true nature of the study, because revealing it will result in participants altering their behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

A

Tracking progression of syphilis among nearly 400 low-income African American men, Told they had “bad blood”, Withheld from treatment and cure from penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Tearoom Trade Study

A

Investigating motivations to have anonymous sexual encounters with men in public restrooms, Acted as a lookout while making observations and recording license plate numbers, After a year, visited men at their homes under a disguise for interview

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does IRB stand for?

A

Institutional review baord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

Human subjects research is now reviewed by an impartial 3rd party to protect participants, Examines protocols to ensure that they will not be harmful to participants, and provides sanctions for those who break the rules, Composed of scientists & non-scientists (including a community member)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee (IACUC)

A

Oversight of research using animal subjects
Always must include a veterinarian, a scientist with animal subject experience, and a member of the general public

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does IACUC stand for?

A

Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee

27
Q

what are the 3 r’s of animal research?

A

Replacement – employ methods which avoid or replace the use of animals
Reduction – use methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information from fewer animals
Refinement – use methods that alleviate or minimize potential pain, suffering, or distress, and enhance animal welfare for the animals used

28
Q

Fraud

A

the explicit effort of a researcher to falsify or misrepresent data (not a mistake)

29
Q

HARKINING

A

Hypothesizing After Results are Known

30
Q

Type 2 errors

A

Researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false

31
Q

Type 1 errors

A

Researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true

32
Q

true or false: A Type I error is like convicting an innocent person in a jury trial.

A

TRUE – Innocence is the null, conviction is rejecting the null, this would be a false positive error

33
Q

true or false: A Type II error is like convicting a guilty person in a jury trial.

A

FALSE – convicting a guilty person would not be an error; you’d be correctly rejecting their innocence

34
Q

Factors that affect statistical power

A

effect size, sample size, alpha level.

35
Q

The power of a statistical test is the probability of _____ null hypothesis.

A

rejecting a false

36
Q

Practical significance

A

whether the effect is large enough to be important in your field

37
Q

Probability

A

When several outcomes are possible, the probability of any specific outcome is the number of times that outcome happens out of all total outcomes

38
Q

Iris has a z-score of -1. The original distribution had a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 2. What was Iris’s original score?

A

3

39
Q

Z-distribution

A

Every score in a distribution could be transformed into a z-score
This would transform the distribution to a z-distribution.
`

40
Q

Hypothesis testing skeleton

A
  1. state hypothesis
  2. set criteria for decision
  3. collect data and compute sample statistics
  4. make a decision
41
Q
  1. state hypothesis
A

Null hypothesis: no sig diff
alt Hypothesisi: sig diff

42
Q
  1. set criteria for a decision
A
  • critical regions
  • alpha .05 unless stated otherwize
  • one or two tailed
  • sig if p < a
43
Q
  1. collectdata and compute sample stats
A

p:value: tells you the probably null is true
t: v-value?

44
Q

Makr a decision

A
  • fail to reject p>
    -reject null p<a
    (UNLESS IT IS A ONE TAILED) Then directinality plays a role.
45
Q

Directional

A

must hypothesize that the value will be smaller or larger

46
Q

You’re running an independent samples t test and both conditions have n = 10. How many degrees of freedom do you have?

A

df = (n1 – 1) + (n2 – 1) = 9 + 9 = 18

47
Q

nominal

A

numbers represent named differences, not value differences
- number have no qualitative value or intrinsic order

48
Q

ordinal (ranked)

A

number represent differences in rank or order

49
Q

continious variables

A

a variable that can be an infinite or uncountable set of variables (height, weight, tempature)

  • Interval and ratio variables
50
Q

interval or integer

A

number represent measurement along a scale when each unit is the same

51
Q

ratio

A

quantitative data, measure varibales on continious scale, ratio has “true 0”

example: money

52
Q

consistency

A

a reliability measurement in which items on a test are correlated in order to determine how well they measure the same construct or concept

53
Q

Effect

A

a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables.

54
Q

Descriptive statistics:

A

analyse data to help describe, show or summarise it in a meaningful way

55
Q

inferential statistics

A

ways of analyzing data using statistical tests that allow the researcher to make conclusions about whether a hypothesis was supported by the results.

56
Q

parameter

A

A number derived from knowledge of the entire population, such as the minimum of the population, or the mean of the population. Parameters are characteristics in a population.

57
Q

cohens d sizes

A

small effect .2
medium effect .5
large effect .8

58
Q

independent sample

A

compare two seperate sampls between subject desiens

59
Q

depenedent sample

A

compare 1 sample at 2 times

60
Q

one sample

A

when we want to know whether our sample comes from a particular population but we do not have full population information available to us

61
Q

one tailed

A

directional hypothesis: must hypothesis that the value wil become larger smaller (more or less)

62
Q

two-tailed

A

non-directional alternative hyphteis: 2 critical regions not directional

63
Q

test value

A

the important number

Y3 S1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions